The secret society - illuminati Essay Example for Free

The mystery society illuminati Essay This article is about the mystery society. For the film, see Illuminata (film). For the Muslim recondite school, see Illuminationism. For different utilizations, see Illuminati (disambiguation). Adam Weishaupt (1748â€1830), author of the Bavarian Illuminati. The Illuminati (plural of Latin illuminatus, edified) is a name given to a few gatherings, both genuine and imaginary. Generally the name alludes to the Bavarian Illuminati, an Enlightenment-time mystery society established on May 1, 1776 to restrict odd notion, bias, strict impact over open life, maltreatment of state power, and to help womens training and sexual orientation equity. The Illuminati were banned alongside other mystery social orders by the Bavarian government initiative with the support of the Roman Catholic Church, and for all time disbanded in 1785.[1] In the quite a long while following, the gathering was criticized by traditionalist and strict pundits who guaranteed they had refocused and were liable for the French Revolution. In ensuing use, Illuminati alludes to different associations guaranteeing or implied to have unconfirmed connects to the first Bavarian Illuminati or comparable mystery social orders, and regularly asserted to scheme to control world undertakings by engineering occasions and planting operators in government and enterprises to build up a New World Order and addition further political force and impact. Key to probably the most generally known and expand paranoid ideas, the Illuminati have been portrayed as sneaking in the shadows and calling the shots and switches of intensity in many books, motion pictures, TV programs, funnies, computer games, and music recordings. The development was established on May 1, 1776, in Ingolstadt (Upper Bavaria) as the Order of the Illuminati, with an underlying participation of five,[2] by Jesuit-showed Adam Weishaupt (d. 1830),[3] who was the principal lay teacher of standard law at the University of Ingolstadt.[1] It was comprised of freethinkers as a branch of the Enlightenment and appears to have been demonstrated on the Freemasons.[4] The Illuminatis individuals took a promise of mystery and vowed submission to their bosses. Individuals were isolated into three principle classes, each with a few degrees, and numerous Illuminati parts drew enrollment from existing Masonic cabins. The objectives of the association included attempting to dispense with strange notion, partiality, and the Roman Catholic Churchs control over government, theory, and science; attempting to lessen harsh state maltreatment of intensity, and attempting to help the instruction and treatment of ladies as scholarly equals.[1] Originally Weishaupt had arranged the request to be named the Perfectibilists.[2] The gathering has additionally been known as the Bavarian Illuminati and its belief system has been called Illuminism. Numerous persuasive erudite people and dynamic government officials considered themselves individuals, including Ferdinand of Brunswick and the ambassador Xavier von Zwack, the second-in-order of the order.[5] The request had branches in most European nations: it supposedly had around 2,000 individuals over the range of ten years.[1] It pulled in artistic men, for example, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Johann Gottfried Herder and the authoritative dukes of Gotha and Weimar. In 1777, Karl Theodor became leader of Bavaria. He was a defender of Enlightened Despotism and his administration restricted every mystery society including the Illuminati. Inner break and frenzy over progression went before its downfall.[1] A March 2, 1785 government proclamation appears to have been final knockout to the Illuminati in Bavaria. Weishaupt had fled and archives and inner correspondences, seized in 1786 and 1787, were along these lines distributed by the administration in 1787.[6] Von Zwacks home was looked to reveal a significant part of the gatherings literature.[5] Barruel and Robison Somewhere in the range of 1797 and 1798 Augustin Barruels Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism and John Robisons Proofs of a Conspiracy both promoted the hypothesis that the Illuminati had endure and spoken to a continuous global trick, including the case that it was behind the French Revolution. The two books end up being exceptionally mainstream, prodding reprints and summarizes by others[7] (a prime model is Proofs of the Real Existence, and Dangerous Tendency, Of Illuminism by Reverend Seth Payson, distributed in 1802).[8] Some reaction was basic, for example, Jean-Joseph Mouniers On the Influence Attributed to Philosophers, Free-Masons, and to the Illuminati on the Revolution of France.[citation needed] Robison and Barruels works advanced toward the United States. Across New Britain, Reverend Jedidiah Morse and others lectured against the Illuminati, their messages were printed, and the issue followed in papers. The worry subsided in the primary decade of the 1800s, however had some restoration during the Anti-Masonic development of the 1820s and 30s.[2] Modern Illuminati A few later and present-day friendly associations guarantee to be slipped from the first Bavarian Illuminati and straightforwardly utilize the name Illuminati. Whatever gatherings utilize a minor departure from The Illuminati Order for the sake of their organization,[9][10] while others, for example, the Ordo Templi Orientis use Illuminati as a level inside their associations chain of importance. Be that as it may, there is no proof that these present-day bunches have amassed critical political force or impact, and they elevate unverified connects to the Bavarian Illuminati as a methods for pulling in enrollment as opposed to attempting to remain secret.[1]

Source Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Source Evaluation - Essay Example Fundamentals of Strategic Management is a complete rundown of the book Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach composed by similar writers. The book follows a structure that is likewise utilized in the bigger form so as to help students in the distinguishing proof and the accentuation of key ideas in progressively succinct and refreshed manners. The introduction of content in this book is established on genuine practices just as contemporary reasoning and highlights an expanded significance on the idea of plans of action as a way of seeing the issues of upper hand. The book likewise includes dynamic research, a more current key administration hypothesis just as a hand-on approach that permits the peruser to investigate the primary subjects in the executives, for example, corporate execution, innovation just as business morals among others. Furthermore, it likewise it additionally incorporates a top notch case program that looks at organizations of changed sizes locally and all a round with the goal that perusers may accomplish an encounter as they put section ideas into handy occasions in various events. Charles Hill and Gareth Jones consider Wal-Mart’s plan of action as being founded on buying merchandise from providers at the most reduced rates conceivable and afterward exchanging similar items to its clients at beneficial costs that are as low as could reasonably be expected (120). The organization has concocted techniques that have empowered it to position in a way that continues working expenses at the base so as to guarantee that clients get the most minimal costs every day with ceaseless value rollbacks. From initiation, the organization has been utilizing methodologies that expansion its effectiveness in different manners including guaranteeing low item separation just as focusing on mass markets. Wal-Mart’s plan of action that depends on limits for its retail clients is established on the possibility that low costs will bring about lower costs. After distinguish methods of

Hines Ward, UGA Graduate and Dance Champion - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Hines Ward, UGA Graduate and Dance Champion - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Hines Ward, UGA Graduate and Dance Champion While this is for the most part an Admissions blog for the University of Georgia, I would be remiss if I did not mention the latest Dancing with the Stars winner and UGA Graduate, Hines Ward! While I am not a fan of DWTS (although my wife is), I have been drawn to this years show due to the participation of Hines Ward. Ward was a great football player at UGA in the mid-1990s, but he has an even more remarkable personal story. As a Korean/African-American student raised by a single mother who at first spoke little English and worked three jobs to support her family, he dealt with prejudice family turmoil. He then attended UGA, where he gave it his all by playing three different positions under two different coaching staffs. After UGA (and his college degree!), he signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers, and is now in his 15th year with the team. Throughout his professional career he has garnered numerous honors and awards (Super Bowl MVP, 4 time pro-bowl selection, most catches and receiving yards by a Steeler, etc.), and is a leader on and off the field. In 2006, he created the Hines Ward Helping Hands Foundation, which benefits multi-racial children in South Korea, and in 2010 he was named as a member of the Presidents Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. And last night, he was named the winner of the 2011 Dancing with Stars Competition! Congratulations to Hines Ward, a great person and a wonderful UGA Alumnus! Go Dawgs!

Gun Control Laws Should Have A Good Middle Balance

While some people say it takes away their rights , Gun control is a good thing because Less crimes will be committed by firearms, Gun control is good for everyone s safety , and Countries with stricter gun control has less death by firearms .America has the highest amount of gun related deaths each year in the world. â€Å"In Germany 381, in France 255, in Canada 165 in the United Kingdom 68, in Australia 65, in Japan 39 and in the United States, 11,127† (Moore Michael, 51:15-51:48). Since the United States has the most number of deaths, it is quite important to have tight gun-control laws that restrict people from owning or having in possession dangerous firearms like machine guns, or anything automatic. Gun-control laws should find a mid†¦show more content†¦However, the United States government should be able to regulate the types of gun’s Americans can own and who can own those guns because times are not the same and American’s mental health system i s broken. This can cause a poor choice in how a gun is used. Many decades ago, the United States was once a great country in which a gun was considered to be needed and essential to survive and protect your family. â€Å"As Americans civilized the wilderness, they would eventually be able to rely not just on their own skills at individual self-defense for protection, but on laws and civil authorities and the other institutions of government they were building † ( Whitney, Pg. 103). The United States did not have the amount of civil authorities that we have today. Americans back then had to rely on their guns to protect themselves as laws changed and were made. Times were different in early America and that is a big reason why the Second Amendment was ideal. Guns, such as the AK-47, had not existed yet. Firearms in the early years were too slow to load and that is one of the reasons why gun control was not such a serious issue In the early United States History. Gun control has become necessary throughout our history as different types of guns have emerged and people became interested for our civic duty but for the entertainment ,or even violence. The National Firearms Act, enacted in 1934, â€Å"All gun sales and gun

US Navy South Dakota-class (BB-49 to BB-54)

The Great Change (Langston Hughes) Free Essays

One of the most important men in the Harlem Renaissance was Langston Hughes. His identity was formed in the neighborhood of New York City although it was said that he had much travel in his life that he can be considered as the man with no roots at all. But Langston had his heart dedicated to voicing out the experiences and the sorrow of the African American people. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Change (Langston Hughes) or any similar topic only for you Order Now During his time, he created poems, plays, and books about the black making real their status in the society. He was one of the great men who were against racism and inequality. He found direction in his life not just through writing but also to listening to jazz and blues. He was the kind of man who would sit in a bar and listen to music and in that way he created a new direction not just in his poetry but in art itself. His importance and value was seen in the way he made other blacks to reach out their longings to the society, their wanting not just to be free from racism but also to be seen and valued like the whites. Hughes spoke of value as a man for the Blacks. The Harlem Renaissance characterized by new ideas was emphasized by Hughes through his music and poetry. One of his famous poem was â€Å"The Negro speaks of River† helped him make a good start in the world of poetry and cultural exposition. The Negro Speaks of Rivers (to W. E. B. B. DuBois) I’ve known rivers: I’ve known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and I’ve seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset. In this poem, he gave significance to the â€Å"Blacks† being the builders of civilization, something that should be considered in history. For a long time, prior to the African American Cultural Movement, the black people have experienced injustice in different forms, whether at work, in school and in the community as a whole. Their existence was seen to be less than the white where some African American people would say that they never really existed at all. The poem speaks of the places known to every black, and it can be noticed that these places all have historical significance. The persona and his comrades not only look for significance and visibility but also for home. The poem creates an image of longing for home where there is comfort and justice. The words â€Å"lulled me to sleep† are quite powerful for the readers to see what is being longed for by the persona, that’s none other than tranquility within. This can be related to the home that the blacks have searched for a long time in the community of whites who dominated and received the best of what the world could offer. The poem also raises the blacks’ voice of considering them the builders of growth and civilization because they have always been there, in the past, in the present and in the future. Hughes tried to create an immortal stand of the blacks against invisibility, an element that made racism flourish. Another poem by Langston Hughes entitled â€Å"Dream Deffered† exposes sorrow and heavy burden in life. â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore and then run?†Ã‚   The poem is made of questions that seem to be unending. The tone is with hopelessness. The language used was simple, simple enough to be understood that it’s all about dreams of the blacks that were held long enough by time. Possibilities and ways of the process of disappearance can be seen in the poem like for example drying up from the heat of the sun which was mentioned a while ago. The line â€Å"Does it stink in a rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over – like a syrupty sweet?† is another question that may be related to the kind of death that blacks experience. The image of a rotten meat suggests something mournful and intolerable while the latter is an image of a sweet death. It makes one wonder just how tolerable is it to just throw one’s body into the river because the one who died is not really that significant and his existence is not really valued, a very common scenario of the black people who are enslaved and sold to the market of the whites. But more than the question of privilege for a peaceful death is their â€Å"right† to have it. If they are removed of the privilege to have even a good burial or death, should the question on chances for a good fate be questioned still? The tone for â€Å"Quiet Girl† can also be likened to â€Å"Dream Deffered† as it speaks also of grief over a status or position but the difference is that there is a glimpse of hope that can be seen in it.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"I would liken you to a night without stars were it not for your eyes. I would liken you to a sleep without dreams were it not for your songs.†   The night without stars can be seen as another hopeless case of some sort in the scene, however, it is given a sprinkle of a good chance through the eyes that was silently assumed to sparkle instead of the stars. The songs were made powerful in attaining a tranquil sleep even if there was no dream. The wonderful thing that can be derived from the poem is the sound of continuity of life despite some faulty circumstances in the lives of the black. There is the balance that is being claimed from the poem, the balance that could give meaning to the blacks’ existence. But if there is one particular poem that can characterize the present African Americans, with the way they react and live in the present society, that would be the poem â€Å"Me and the Mule.† My old mule, He’s gota grin on his face. He’s been a mule so long He’s forgotten about his race. I’m like that old mule — Black — and don’t give a damn! You got to take me Like I am. A mule that is known for its good working ability for an animal not only works for nothing, but also works for a master. But that can be one point of the poem. It can be seen also in a positive sense in the way that there is a courage directly shown from the mule and from the persona to not care, yes, not care at all from all the discrimination that he has experienced and from what the world tells about him. The mule just like the persona shall continue to live no matter how hard it is to exist and no matter how heavy the load seems. The present though doesn’t change the blacks’ past. Still, even after the Harlem Renaissance, it can’t be denied that they were still despised of their rights to experience a just treatment. But right now they are already visible, yet they will still be like the mule that won’t give a â€Å"damn† to the society’s offensive thoughts. Perhaps, just like the mule, giving no â€Å"damn† will make them live lon ger, and stronger. Hughes was able to see and react on the basis of his position and his art, his love for music, poetry and plays made him more than a figure of the Harlem renaissance. He made himself and his race visible to the world and worth it of the great and positive changes with the way blacks are treated. More than a poet, Langston Hughes was the big difference of the Harlem Renaissance. Sources â€Å"A Renaissance Man.† April 23, 2007 http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/aa/writers/hughes/renaiss_1   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Langston Hughes.† April 23, 2007 http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/aa/hughes â€Å"Langston Hughes Biography.† April 24, 2007 http://www.redhotjazz.com/hughes.html â€Å"Langston Hughes.† April 24, 2007 http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/lhughes.htm How to cite The Great Change (Langston Hughes), Essay examples

Jeron, I Love You. free essay sample

It was October 17, 2010. I had just left all-night bowling with a couple of my friends at about 3AM. We went out to eat at Eat N’ Park, and we were just enjoying ourselves, having a good time. I got home late and went straight to sleep. My phone rang early that same morning around 7AM. Since I was sleep I didn’t answer, but my phone continued to vibrate after that. I forced myself to wake up and opened up my text messages. My cousin Janai had sent me a text that said, â€Å"Hey, I need you to call me when you get this. It’s important†¦Ã¢â‚¬  When I called her, there was just silence on the phone. I could tell something was wrong, but I didn’t know exactly what it was. She began to mumble, â€Å"Jeron†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Cutting her off, I said, â€Å"What about him? Didn’t he come home yesterday?† She began to mumble again, â€Å"Jeron†¦ last night†¦ he got shot up CALU†¦ at 2AM†¦ Joslyn, he didn’t make it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  When she told me that, my heart dropped. We will write a custom essay sample on Jeron, I Love You. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I felt like someone had just ripped out my heart and stepped on it. I was in shock, and I just broke down in tears. My 18 year-old cousin had been murdered over absolutely nothing. Jeron was only shot because a boy was upset he couldn’t get into a homecoming party. He wasn’t even the target; he was just in the wrong place at the wrong time. Jeron was a person who was never into drugs, gangs, or guns. He was raised right in a Christian family and was probably one of the sweetest people on earth. It’s sad to say that his life was cut short all because of a homecoming party. The hardest thing for me was knowing that this all wasn’t a dream, it was reality. My weekend had gone from entertaining to tragic. There were over 2,000 people who attended his viewing and funeral. The mayor of Pittsburgh even came to express his sympathy. CALU and Hampton University both had marches and lit candles for him. All of his family and friends gathered and mourned together. I wish he could’ve seen how much of an impact he had on people. Never in a million years did I think that would happen, especially to someone as innocent Jeron. Violence has gotten out of hand and I wish it would just stop. Unfortunately, I can’t put a stop to it, but if I could I would. â€Å"One out of every twenty-one Black American males will be murdered in their lifetime. Most will die at the hands of another Black male† (Boyz N Tha Hood). Jeron’s death has inspired me to stay in school and keep myself out of trouble. It was just a tragic way to die for a person as loving as Jeron. To keep myself from crying now, I think of it as he went on a long trip and won’t be back for a while. Even though I miss him, I’ll see him again. It is going to be difficult not hearing his jokes anymore or seeing his big beautiful smile, but he is in a better place now. I love him and I’ll miss him.

Poetry vs. Prose Quiz Flashcard

Poetry vs. Prose Quiz

Minors are Clearly in Need of Protection essays

Minors are Clearly in Need of Protection essays Minors are clearly in need of protection in the formation of a contract, but not at the expense of fair-minded adults with whom they may be dealing. How far does the law of contract support this view? A minor is a person under the age of 18, although in 1969, before the Family Law Reform act was passed, a person under the age of 21 was classed as an infant. The Family Law Reform act lowered the age to 18 and introduced the term minor. A minors capacity to contract is very much restricted but if there was no protection at all for minors then it would be seen that the law is too harsh on young people. Considering at 16 a minor can get married, have children and get a job it seems strange that the age has not been brought down further to 16 instead of 18 as the Law Commission suggested in 1982.The aim of this age limit is to protect minors from their own inexperience and perhaps from unwise transactions whilst not being too harsh on any adult dealing with a minor. In the case of Nash v Inman (1908) a Cambridge university graduate ordered eleven fancy waistcoats from a Savile Row tailor. He did not pay for them, relying on the fact that he was not of full capacity. As waistcoats were normal student clothing at Cambridge they were classed as necessaries meaning that a contract did exist between Inman and Nash. However, the father of the university graduate had already bought him a substantial amount of clothing including waistcoats so the additional ones he ordered were not necessary at all. The law protected the student very well but was incredible harsh on the tailor who after all of that received nothing at all. There is a great difference in the experiences of various young people. In a case where a minor had knowingly taken advantage of an adult, using the law of contractual capacity to his benefit, there appeared to be injustice arising out of a law that ai...

Paraphrasing of Discussion and Analysis of Dell Strategy Essay

Paraphrasing of Discussion and Analysis of Dell Strategy - Essay Example However, recent times have seen the increase in competition against Dell and its winning strategies. As such, Dell seeks new strategies so as to gain and maintain competitive advantage. One such strategy Dell zeroed in on is â€Å"dynamic capabilities† (Magretta 1998, p.4). The trick is to go beyond utilizing resources in an ordinary way. Instead, the company employs strategies that configure and thereby create competitive advantage of these resources. â€Å"Dynamic†, on the other hand, stands for the ability to transform these resources with ease in light of the flux environment within which Dell competes. The ability to adapt to external and internal change is also a significant way of maintaining competitive advantage. In light of this analysis, Michael Dell states that: â€Å"The goal is to stay a few steps ahead of change. That means the company can create and even shape change to some extent. The best way to beat change is to spend adequate time with the customer s (Magretta 1998, p.83)†. This approach reflects not only on the nature of the strategies Dell upholds but also on the nature of their operating models. That is, adjusting and improving the models capabilities over time in light of changing market needs. Critical Overview: Focusing on Relationships within a Supply Chain. Dell attributes its key successes on a unique value chain. This chain owes its uniqueness to the nature of relationships of the various stakeholders within the supply chain. These relationships create leverage for the company in view of its customers’ appreciation. Secondly, Dell is one of the company’s that heavily relies on web technology to differentiating itself from other players in the market. One advantage of utilising web technology is the ability to select direct market routes, as opposed to other companies. Direct market routes are cost efficient as they facilitate quick delivery of goods and services. Also, the company can adapt and re spond to the market environment needs with flexibility. Source: Magretta, 1998. In regard to the stakeholders in the supply chain, Dell focuses on the customer’s interests more than any other stakeholder. Granted, distributors and retailers contribute significantly to the value chain. However, in maintaining the differentiation strategy Dell prefers to target the customer directly. This approach provides convenience for the customer through superior customer service and the company by building a customer oriented brand name. Secondly, a direct approach to customers’ business model vouchsafes lower operating costs. This enables customers to enjoy Dell products at relatively affordable prices. Lower operating costs are an advantage for the company as they can invest other capital to improve the value of their products through research and development and also, enables them to invest in other ventures. The ever changing external factors over the years have led to the need to expand some previous strategies. Therefore, Dell outsources some logistic and distribution elements of its strategy. While exploiting the internet to create effective distribution channels, Dell does not ignore traditional channels such as direct mail. Through outsourcing primary activities, Dell creates a virtual value chain because suppliers and distributers alike qualify to be partners hence â€Å"integrated in their value adding activities† (Magretta 1998, p.7). This strategy further differentiates Dell from competitors offering the same services. The partnerships created also allow for competitive advantage for Dell. These partnerships facilitate innovation through injection of â€Å"

Mobile Internet Protocol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mobile Internet Protocol - Essay Example However, the higher-level protocols require IP address of a host to be fixed for identifying connections'. IP protocol is therefore a necessary element of the network activities. In this context, many companies that activate in the area of IT technology and especially those which provide network - related services offer to their customers the chance to use Internet even when they are far from their home or office, i.e. when there is a physical distance from the area where the Internet connected device is placed and operate. The particular technology that offers such an advantage is called Mobile IP and it is available by several IT companies including CISCO, IBM, NOKIA and so on, which have included the above technology in their products offering at the same time to the interest customers all the necessary support. According to a general definition of Mobile IP used by CISCO (2006) 'Mobile IP provides users the freedom to roam beyond their home subnet while consistently maintaining their home IP address; This enables transparent routing of IP data grams to mobile users during their movement, so that data sessions can be initiated to them while they roam; it also enables sessions to be maintained in spite of physical movement between points of attachment to the Internet or other networks'. In the same context, it has been stated that Mobile IP is 'a standard that allows users with mobile devices whose IP addresses are associated with one network to stay connected when moving to a network with a different IP address; When a user leaves the network with which his device is associated (home network) and enters the domain of a foreign network, the foreign network uses the Mobile IP protocol to inform the home network of a care-of address to which all packets for the user's device should be sent. Image 1 - Description of a Mobile IP system (Ghosh, 2006) In a similar definition presented by Chen (2006) 'Mobile IP is an internet protocol designed to support host mobility; Its goal is to provide the ability of a host to stay connected to the internet regardless of their location; Mobile IP is able to track a mobile host without needing to change the mobile host's long-term IP address'. It should be noticed that in accordance with Ollikainen (1999) 'when IP routing was originally defined, mobility of hosts was not considered to be an issue because routing methods were built for static networks, where the hosts were unlikely to move from one subnet to another. Thus, the IP address encodes the computer's physical location, and - by default - the location is fixed'. The main element of Mobile IP is therefore the IP protocol which enables the users to access the Internet even when they are far from the device which is connected with the Internet - the use of a mobile node towards the achievement of such an effort is crucial. It should also be noticed that Mobile IP tends to present a different level of performance in accordance with the system in which it is implemented (i.e. capabilities of the specific system) as well as with the type of protocol using for its formulation and configuration. More

Theories of Risk and Uncertainty

Theories of Risk and Uncertainty Outline the main social theories of risk and uncertainty using at least one example as illustration. One of the most lively areas of theoretical debate in social and cultural theory in recent times is that addressing the phenomenon of risk and the role it plays in contemporary social life and subjectivities. Three major theoretical perspectives on risk emerging since the early 1980s and gaining momentum in the 1990s may be distinguished. The first is offered by the work of Mary Douglas, who Began in the early 1980s setting forth an influential perspective on risk, one that adopts a cultural anthropological approach (Douglas and Wildavsky, 1982; Douglas, 1985, 1990, 1992). The German sociologist Ulrich Becks book ‘Risk society, published in English in 1992, has provided a major impetus to recent sociological examination of risk ( for some of his other writing on risk in English see also Beck, (1992a; Beck and Gernsheim, 1995). The English sociologist Anthony Giddens (1990,1991,1994,1998), adopting a similar perspective to that of Beck, has also influenced sociological diagnoses of the role of role in society. A third perspective is offered by the several theorist who have taken up Michel Foucaults writings on governmentality ( For example, Foucault, 1991) to explore the ways in which the state and other governmental apparatuses work together to govern that is, manage and regulate populations via risk discourses and strategies (Castel, 1991; Ewald, 1991; OMalley, 1996; Dean, 1997). These major theories are identified respectively as the ‘cultural/symbolic, the ‘risk society and the governmentality perspectives. Michel Foucault Michel Foucault was a French philosopher, sociologist and historian. In his book Security, Territory, Population, Foucault outlines his theory of governmentality, and demonstrates the distinction between sovereignty, discipline, and governmentality as distinct modalities of state power. [1] The concept of risk, employed to address governmental concerns, has contributed to the production of certain kinds of rationalities, strategies and subjectivities. According to the Foucauldian perspective, risk strategies and discourses are means of ordering the social and material worlds through methods of rationalization and calculation, attempts to render disorder and uncertainty more controllable. It is these strategies and discourses that bring risk into being, that select certain phenomena as being ‘risky and therefore requiring management, either by institutions or individuals. This is an outcome of the emergence of the modern system of liberal government, with its emphasis on rule an d the maintenance of order through voluntary self-discipline rather than via violent means. Risk is understood as one of the heterogeneous governmental strategies of disciplinary power by which populations and individuals are monitored and managed so as to best meet the goals of democratic humanism. Normalization, or the method by which norms of behaviour or health status are identified in populations and by which individuals are the compared to determine how best they fit the norm, is a central aspect of liberal government. Those who are determined to deviate from the norm significantly are typically identified as being ‘at risk. To be designated as ‘at risk, therefore, is to be positioned within a network of factors drawn from the observation of others. The implication of this rationalized discourse is that risk is ultimately controllable, as long as expert knowledge can be properly brought to bear upon it. Some of those taking up a Foucauldian perspective have remarked upon recent change in the governance of risk, in which there is far less reliance upon social insurance and far more upon individual self-management and self-protection from risk. This is an outcome of the political ethos of neo-liberalism, which emphasizes minimal intervention on the part of the state and emphasizes ‘self-help and individual autonomy for citizens. [2]Foucault himself and those taking up his perspectives on the regulation of subjects via the discourses of governmentality may be criticized for devoting too much attention to the discourses and strategies and not enough to how people actually respond to them as part of their everyday lives. Mary Douglas The authors suggest, reasonably enough, that ones personal political and cultural predispositions affect how one assess the risk of different possible social dangers. If this were the only factor affecting peoples risk assessment, it would be quite difficult to generate an informed social policy in a democratic society, and research in to actual risk levels associated with different degrees of social damage would be worthless, since people simply listen to the gurus that support their personal positions. The authors present no data. Why is data important? Because if 90% of voters fit their description, we are in a much different situation that if 10% do. My best guess is that people systematically underestimate most social risks (e.g. accidental nuclear war, deadly SARS-type plagues) and overestimate a few (riskiness of air travel, danger of poisons in food). Most people, however, are willing to let the ideologues battle it out, and are strongly affected by the way the journalistic accounts of the battle portrays the cogencies of different positions. If I am right, the extremists on either side of positions, of the sort depicted by the authors, perform a valuable function but do not determine the outcome for the purposes of social policy. For instance, there are vehement supporters of gun control and equally vehement supporters of the rights of gun owners. Most voters, however, lie somewhere in the middle and are swayed both by events and scientific evidence. If that is so, the possi bility of effective social policy is possible in a democracy. But, some say, the extremists are willing to put in time and money to sway the public, so ideology wins the day in this manner. I respond that it is wise for voters to take the strength of preferences into account in making social policy decisions. At any rate, no balanced discussion of these issues will be found in this volume. According to the NYT review Offering what they call a cultural theory of risk perception, the authors suggest that peoples complaints about hazards should never be taken at face value. One must look further to discover what forms of social organization are being defended or attacked. Applying this logic, we have to ask what Mary Douglas and Wildavsky have to gain from advancing this argumentand their consistently dismissive and condescending attitude toward environmentalists makes this fairly clear. If your unenlightened opposition INSISTS on talking about certain risks AS IF that was what REALLY mattered then you are, of course, completely justified in disregarding their point of view, (and for that matter them) entirely. Cultural Theory, as developed by Mary Douglas, argues that differing risk perceptions can be explained by reference to four distinct cultural biases: hierarchy, egalitarianism, individualism, and fatalism. Ulrich Beck Central to Becks and Giddens writing on risk society is the concept of reflexive modernity. This concept incorporates the notion that late modernity is characterized by a critique of the processes of modernity, which no longer unproblematically viewed as producing ‘goods (such as wealth and employment) but are now seen to produce many of the dangers or ‘bads from which we feel threatened (such as environmental pollution, unemployment and family breakdown). The central institutions of late modernity government, industry and science are singles out as the main producers of risk. An emphasis on risk, Beck and Giddens assert, is thus an integral feature of a society which has come to reflect upon itself, to critique itself. Exponents of the ‘risk society thesis also argue that in late modernity there is a trend towards individualization, or the progressive loss of tradition and social bonds as a means of structuring the life-course and forming personal identity. A major difference, they argue, in the ways in which we conceptualize and deal with dangers compared with individuals in earlier eras is the extent to which individuals are positioned as choosing agents. We now think of ourselves as exercising a high level of control over the extent to which we expose ourselves to danger and therefore as culpable for becoming prey to risk. Risk is primarily understood as a human responsibility, both in its production and management, rather than the outcome of fate or destiny, as was the case in pre-modern times. [1] Â · ^ Hansen, Thomas (2001). States of Imagination. Durham: Duke University Press. p.43. ISBN 0822327988. [2] Dean, M. (1999) Governmentality, Sage, London

Business and Research Project Essay

JC Penny has been running successfully for close to 90 years. Most entrepreneurs and managers face the same dilemmas at times. The choices one makes are the basis for his or her company success. The CEO of JC Penny Ron Johnson was faced with many management dilemmas. The first of many dilemmas that Ron Johnson was faced with was to innovate or conserve JC Penny. Innovation is important, but one should also focus on new applications and new markets as well. However, the revenues of innovations are in the future. One needs also to get the maximum out of one’s current business. According an article published by Forbes â€Å"Ron Johnson did not try and solving the real problem with JC Penny. Sales fell some 25%. The stock dropped 50% He spent lavishly trying to remake the brand. He modernized the logo, upped the TV ad spend, spruced up stores and implemented a more consistent pricing strategy. But that all was designed to help JC Penney competes in traditional brick-and-mortar retail. Against traditional companies like Wal-Mart, Kohl’s, Sears, etc† (Hartung, 2014). If the leader or manager does not invest there comes a time when the current business declines without new innovation to take over JC Penny revenues. If a manager invests too much, it may end up endangering the continuity of the current business. According to Joshua Kennon â€Å"J.C. Penney saw sales fall from $19.903 billion in 2007 to $12.985 billion in 2013. This caused the firm to go from a pre-tax profit of $1.792 billion to pre-tax losses of $1.536 billion, a staggering swing of $3.328 billion. Dividends were slashed, book value destroyed. There were rumors the company was surviving by pushing payable bills and hoarding cash† (Kennon, 2013). The purpose of learning team C’s research is to identify the most important factors to customers that are considering shopping at J.C. Penney. This statement speaks to the researcher’s attention and states goal or objective of the research. This statement will evaluate errors that were made J.C.  Penny’s top management, putting the company into a very vulnerable predicament with the core customers. The factors that will be considered are directly associated with management errors such as: †¢Misreading what shoppers want- coupons, sales price/clearance items †¢Not testing the ideas in advance- assuming the culture was the same as other companies †¢Alienated the core customers †¢Misreading the JC Penney brand †¢Not respecting the JC Penney company overall From these errors the team will provide research questions to include in the paper, gather the information the is related to the customer most recent shopping experience with the company to develop a proposed research plan to address the most management dilemmas. Draft of Research Questions Learning team C intends to research the reasons J.C. Penney had a decline in customer core base and sales which almost led to the demise of the company. This research will be conducted via survey with the intent of possibly salvaging the creditability of the company. Our learning will provide surveys to adults that have shopped J.C. Penny either online or in the store within the last two years. The survey questions used would supply management with opportunities to test potential marketing strategies to revive sales and retain the company’s initial core customer base. LTC will provide the following questions to gather data for research in the survey: †¢What is the age group/gender of the participant †¢How far from home will he or she be willing to drive to the store †¢What is the importance of coupons and sales price/clearance items †¢How frequent does the participant shop online or in the store †¢How important is the brand name that is provided by the company †¢How important is the atmosphere of the store (i.e. Arizona, IZOD, Dockers, etc) †¢How important is the culture of store (i.e. is food courts or specialty boutiques important) After compiling a more precise list of question to provide for the survey, we will rank the factors from least to greatest importance to determine the  decision making process for J.C. Penney current dilemma. Conclusion Eventually, JC Penny did fire Ron Johnson and rehired the previous CEO Mike Ullman, who stills faces big challenges. JC Penny has posted sales drops and losses in its first three quarters. As JC Penny attempts to recover from its dilemmas from the period in which it alienated consumers, and infuriated its employees, its new CEO Mike Ullman, is making headway in trying to purge corporate ranks and bring the customers back to shopping at JC Penny. In business leaders or managers all face some challenges that if left unaddressed such as JC Penny dilemma can massively affect the business. The good news is that there is now a solution in place to help JC Penny return to being successful. References Hartung, A. (2014). Two Wrongs Won’t Fix JC Penney. Retrieved from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cwe/citation_generator/web_01_01.asp Kennon, J. (2013). The Collapse of J.C. Penney – What Caused It and Can It Be Fixed?. Retrieved from http://www.joshuakennon.com/the-collapse-of-jc-penney-what-caused-it-and-can-it-be-fixed/

Prejudice in of Mice and Men Essay

This essay is firstly going to look at racial prejudice. There is much racial prejudice shown in Of Mice and Men towards Crooks the black crippled stable buck. Crooks is more permanent than the other ranch hands and has his own room off the stables with many more possessions than them. This room is made out to be a privilege and also because it means he is nearer to the horses but in fact it is really because the other ranch hands do not want him in the bunk house with them. As a result of this prejudice Crooks has become bitter and very lonely. When Lennie comes to pet the puppies, not even realizing that Crooks’ room is `out of bounds’, Crooks instantly becomes defensive and uncivil â€Å"I ain’t wanted in the bunk room and you ain’t wanted in my room† but Lennie in his childish innocence is completely without prejudice † Why ain’t you wanted† he asks. Crooks retaliates to this with: â€Å"Cause I’m black, they play cards in there but I can’t play because I’m black. They say I stink. Well I tell you, all of you stink to me† This line showing that Crooks desperately wants to join in, be accepted, but because of his colour he can’t and so he feels the only way he can make himself feel better is to cut himself off further. It is evident his life has become a vicious circle of resentment and mistrust of others. However, the author reveals that it has not always been this way. When Crooks realizes that Lennie means no harm, he invites him to â€Å"Come on in and set a while† before recollecting memories about his childhood. He speaks of it as a kind of paradise: â€Å"The white kids come to play at our place, an’ sometimes I went to play with them and some of them were pretty nice. My ol’ man didn’t like that. I never knew till long later why he didn’t like that. But I know now†. Crooks didn’t experience racism directly in his childhood, making his current situation even worse. As the conversation continues, Crooks becomes fascinated by the strength of the friendship of Lennie and George, He questions their closeness, asking â€Å"Well, s’pose, jus’ s’pose he don’t come back. What’ll you do then? † Crooks does not have any friends and wouldn’t know how losing one unexpectedly would feel. His mixture of curiousity and envy about the friendship of Lennie and George reveal the deep-seated cynicism that has developed within him. Although Lennie is retarded, Crooks takes advantage of his rare position of power to â€Å"torture† him mentally- â€Å"Crooks’ face lighted with pleasure at his torture†. Steinbeck aptly demonstrates the corruptive nature of prejudice. The pain of rejection and maltreatment experienced by Crooks, combined with his jealousy of the two protagonists’ friendship leads him to take it out on others. He will probably never experience a similar relationship and hence wants people to feel the way that he does, completely alone. Crooks goes on to talk about his loneliness † `A guy needs somebody to be near him’ He whined:’ A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody. Don’t make no difference who the guy is, long’s he’s with you’ he cried `I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an’ he gets sick'† Crooks is looking for sympathy, he is so incredibly lonely even to the point to saying that loneliness can make you ill. George continues to talk about his dream. Crooks, having been on the ranch for quite a while, has witnessed a lot of people with the same dream, he ridicules it â€Å"Nobody ever gets to heaven, and nobody never gets no land† but when Candy comes in and backs up what George has been saying he begins to believe in the dream â€Å"If you†¦ guys want a hand to work for nothing – just his keep, why I’d come and lend a hand† Crooks sees the dream as his escape from what he is living in, somewhere like his childhood where his color wouldn’t be an issue. There are different levels of racial prejudice exhibited throughout the book. Most of the ranch hands don’t like or socialize with Crooks but would not go out of their way to insult him. Curley’s wife on the other hand is rude without excuse. † `Listen, Nigger’ , she said. `You know what I can do to you if you open you trap'† She abuses her position and has no respect for him at all, she doesn’t even refer to him by his name, looking down on him with utter contempt and disdain. It is attitudes like hers that have turned him into the bitter man he has become – â€Å"Crooks had reduced himself to nothing. There was no personality, no ego-nothing to arouse either like or dislike† As with Crooks’ treatment of Lennie, however, the author reveals the reciprocal nature of prejudice and resentment in the farm. Curley’s wife encounters a lot of discrimination because of her sex over the course of the novel. Living on a ranch where the large majority of the inhabitants are male, she is very lonely. George knowingly comments, â€Å"Ranch with a bunch of guys on it ain’t no place for a girl† . Perhaps as a further representation of her apparent insignificance she is always referred to as `Curley’s wife’, never given a name. She experiences further sexual prejudice in that none of the ranch hands will talk to her. This is partly because she can make up things about those she dislikes who will subsequently get `the can’ and also because she is a `looloo’ with a very flirtatious nature. â€Å"She got the eye goin’ all the time on everybody. I bet she even gives the stable buck they eye. I don’t know what the hell she wants† says Whit. The ranch hands don’t trust her or understand her. An old lover told her that she â€Å"coulda went with the shows, not jus one neither† He promised her that he would write â€Å"Soon’s he got back to Hollywood† but he never did and so she married Curley. Because of this she’s dissatisfied and feels she’s been deprived by life. In fact she doesn’t even like Curley â€Å"He ain’t a nice fella†. Because she has nothing to do but sit at home she goes out on the ranch under the pretence of looking for Curley. Some of the sexual prejudice she experiences is her fault, she scares the ranch hands with her femininity but she isn’t really a tart, she just craves attention which she doesn’t get from Curley. Ignored by both the ranch hands and Curley she has ended up very lonely, the one thing she most wanted to escape. It is ironic that the traditional social pressure to marry has perhaps decreased her social status and increased her loneliness. Candy, the old swamper is prejudiced against because of his age and his disability. Because of his hand he is unable to do a lot of the jobs that the other ranch hands do making him instantly an outsider. Also because he thinks that he is old he puts himself in a state of mind which handicaps him far more than his missing hand ever will. His life echoes that of his dog, he was once â€Å"the best damn sheep-dog I ever seen† but now is next to useless, Candy’s life has gone somewhat the same way. Curley experiences social prejudice because he is the bosses son. The other workers are scared of him because of the position of power he holds over them. Because they can’t accept him he has become horrible â€Å"This guy Curley sounds like a son-of-a-bitch to me, I don’t like mean little guys†. Curley is also very short, and therefore hates big men like Lennie. He is a very insecure man but hides these insecurities by acting as if he isn’t scared by anything or anyone. He has cut himself off from people as much as they have cut themselves off from him. Lennie is a victim of social prejudice in the fact that, being retarded, he can’t socially interact with the natural ease of George. He is left behind when the ranch hands go into town and he is left out of card games purely because he can’t play. Because he like others experiences prejudice, and also because he is very easy to talk to in that they know he â€Å"won’t go blabbing'†, Crooks and Curley’s wife feel they can talk to him. George and Lennie experience social prejudice in a sense that people can’t accept the unusual relationship they have with each other. The novel is a microcosm, a cross-section of society at the time, reflecting the prejudice that permeated the era . At the time of the novel blacks in America had no rights, they were seen as nobodies. Because of this prejudice many of them, like Crooks â€Å"retired into the terrible protective dignity of the negro†. Women also had very few rights. There are many different levels of prejudice exhibited in Of Mice And Men. Through these prejudices the characters such as Crooks and Curley’s wife have become intensely lonely but they are in hopeless position which they can do nothing about. These prejudices can still be seen in the world today.

Leadership Leadership Behavior And Politics - 1370 Words

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Dubrin (2016) stated to acquire and retain power, leaders must skillfully use organizational politics, and in order to make effective use of the politics, leaders must be aware of specific political tactics and strategies! My research revealed that organizations from all industries deal with work-place politics and ethics, and rely heavily on leadership behaviors that foster a culture of success. In this paper, I will explain the various types of powers leaders demonstrate and give reasons why each power is necessary. Additionally, I will describe the tactics used for becoming anShow MoreRelatedPower and Politics906 Words   |  4 PagesHeader: Power and Politics Power and Politics Paper Wanda F. Carter Power and Politics A collective group of people with general goals is how organizations are first established and built. 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