Livy and Polybius on the Life of Hannibal from Carthage

Hannibal, argueably the greatest war hero of the Ancient World, second to Alexander the Great was both loved and hated throughout the Hellenic world and has remained a major historical character studied through ancient history circles today. Livy and Polybius two brilliant ancient historians have left an invaluable insight into the life of Hannibal from Carthage and have documented in their writings the footsteps of this most famous warlords achievements against Rome. This essay will include an outlook on Hannibal from both authors perspectives, Livy and Polybius and will also include who the historians were, when they wrote and what type of works they performed. Livy was a Roman historian who existed between 59 B. C- 17 A. D. Born Titus Livius in Patavium the most elegant city in Italy, came from Aristocratic blood and born into a world of opportunity and luxury. Livy lived many years after the battles between Hannibal and Rome approximately 150 years later so his sources of writing were not first hand accounts so therefore not entirely accurate. Livy moved to Rome at the age of 30 and after a brief stint writing and teaching philosophy began a large scale documentation on the history of the Roman empire. Due to a wealthy family inheritance Livy was financially free to live a quiet life of study in the library, becoming the most influential author of his era. Livy,s writing was very colourful and dramatic with a very story telling style. He was brilliant at glamourising Rome stating history was written by the winners, making the enemy read bigger and bolder than they really were, a gross style of exaggeration to allow rome to seem like an unconquerable dynasty who defeated the undefeatable. A very imaginative story telling style that won many hearts throughout the Hellenic world. I am Roman, I am great, Rome is great. Livy had no political or military blood lines or experience in public office, was not a man of war but more an academic who wanted to escape the evils of civil war so present during his time and escape to the library to write about the joys of the past. In book 21 of his ancient writings Livy shows positive perspectives on Hannibal declaring him the commander and chief of the Carthaginians and a soldier who led the way in battle, the first to enter the fight and the last to leave the battle. Livy also states that Hannibal was an opportunist who continuously practiced and observed others where necessary to become a great leader of men, however Livy does conclude his view speaking in negative terms about Hannibals inhumane cruelty, absence of truth, disrespects oaths and has no sense of religious codes. The truth is that Rome never defeated the carthaginians in battle and during their last battle at Cannae the roman army were slaughtered by Hannibal losing 70,000 men in one day, the Romans never fought the Carthaginians on land again and were forced to find other methods in exterminating their enemy, Livy never gave the reader an exact truth but more a moral story of history as he was an astute Roman who loved all things Rome. Polybius was an Ancient Historian from Greece, one of the greats. His views of Roman history provided his readers with historical means for individual self improvement. Polybius was born in Megalopolis in 202 B. C the son of Lycortas a general of the Achaean league. With his fathers influence Polybius served as an ambassador to Egypt and also served as a cavalry commander. In 169 B. C Polybius was dispatched to assist Rome against Macedon however Rome suspected Polybius of half hearted support and was shipped to Rome as a political hostage living comfortably under house arrest behind the city walls of rome. Eventually Polybius was appointed tutor to Roman aristocratic children and given permission to access Roman documents and readings in order to utilise his craft of writing literature. Polybius became honoured by both Greeks and Romans and was an eyewitness to historical events of his day including the 3rd macedon war and the 3rd punic war. Polybius insisted on travelling to where the history was made, to the battle fields, engaging other military men, including tracking down other military soldiers who fought fore and against Rome in the 1st and 2nd Punic wars. Polybius on Hannibal reads a very neutral account basing his views on eyewitness accounts including his own and referencing from other readings and sources of history. Polybius was himself a man of war who had real life experience into the mindset of a soldier in battle. His opinions neither favour nor ridicule Hannibal. Polybius endeavoured and discovered in book 9 an honest side to the character of Hannibal stating for I think that men in these circumstances are compelled, not occasionally but frequently, either by the suggestions of friends or the complexity of affairs, to speak and act contrary to real principles. Polybius unearths here the human condition of Hannibal a highly motivated man, a man with a plan who did not just sit around, a man groomed for war his whole life and loyal to the oath of his father, I will hate Rome my whole life. Polybius also expresses a comparison in book 9 mentioning other exceptional historical figures like Cleomones from Sparta, a most excellent king and most cruel tyrant and then again as a positive individual most obliging and benevolent. Polyibius is clearly stating a reasoning here acknowledging the cruel reality of war and how generals are compelled to change with the changes of circumstance. Having studied the historical writings on Livy and Polybius the reader can conclude that Polybius was more favourable to Hannibal. Although Livy did praise Hannibal in the early passages of book 21 he did conclude by attacking his code of conduct and methods when campaigning and on the battle field and illustrates Hannibal as an extremely cruel character. Livy failed to use primary sources in his readings accompanied with his story telling style, his readings were written from an enterrainment point of view particularly to the Romans as Hannibal was a true enemy to Rome. Polybius however prided himself on keeping it real and stating only the facts, praising his heros or villians only if they deserved it. , expressing always a non biased opinion. Polybius always documented his findings from eyewitness accounts and information stemmed from interviews he had performed personally with those who had served beside Hannibal, taking himself along the exact same routes tracing Hannibals steps to were the history occurred. Livy and Polybius writings of the punic wars between Rome and Hannibal from Carthage painted a picture of his achievements and gave insight into the man known as Hannibal, the difference between the two authors were the styles in resourcing the material to keep the work accurate and correct. Polybius achieved plausible accounts which deems him the most credible. It’s a pity that all historians were not as good as Polybius.

The Caused and Effects of Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy

The caused and effects of Lehman Brothers bankruptcy. ? Lehman Brothers was founded in 1850 and it is a diversified investment bank provided financial services for global companies, institutions, governments and investors. Lehman Brothers was one of the most powerful stock and bond underwriters and dealers in the world, and it also as the fourth largest investment bank in the United States before. Because of widely recognized to Lehman’s operational capacity, the company had many world-renowned companies as its customer base such as Dell, Fujitsu, IBM, Intel, Philip Morris, Shell and Wal-Mart [1].Lehman Brothers had faced four collapses before it bankruptcy, one was the stock market crash of 1929, second it had interest rate loss of $6. 7 million in 1973, and then because of Lehman’s internal conflict led to be merger and acquisitions by American Express in 1984, and last one was shortage of funds in 1994. Richard Fuld as Lehman’s CEO from 1993, he led to Lehman Brothers grow up and avoid those four collapses. Even Lehman Brothers was turned the corner in these four collapses; it still declared bankruptcy as a result of $613 billion total debt in 2008 [7].Lehman Brothers went to collapse make lots of impacts on financial markets, the most important reason caused Lehman bankruptcy is under the subprime mortgage crisis and complex financial markets. Before the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007, the U. S. real estate market over the leveraged financing and oil price was increase rapidly, many people in the excessive lending. However, Lehman Brothers had continued business of mortgage bond until the outbreak of subprime mortgage crisis in 2006, Lehman’s asset management, economic services, mergers and securities underwriting business accounted for Lehman's operating income of 40% [2].In 2008, because the subprime mortgage crisis spread to Lehman Brothers, the company suffered a serious hit from the financial losses and caused that stock p rice fell to only a few dollars. In September 2008, the Lehman Brother’s CEO Dick Fuld had experienced the most painful financial crisis in the history of the United States and the company went bankrupt. The Lehman Brothers which had experienced 158 years history toward to end [1]. Also, the collapse of Lehman Brothers brought an unprecedented shock wave for financial market and investment banking. The terrorist attack on 2001, September 11 led to conomic downturn and the stock market depressed, the Federal Reserve decided to continue kept low interest rate to ensure the most of enterprises and publics can achieve loans easier [9]. Due to the public would had more money to be used for mortgages and other spending, Lehman Brother seized the opportunity to develop its business so that Lehman’s profits growth quickly in the second half of 2002. Lehman Brothers’ sales revenue of subprime mortgage raised double of profits in both years 2004 and 2005 [3]. And Lehmanâ €™s present value of subprime mortgage CDO (collateralized debt obligations) investment reached up to $80 billion [5].Lehman Brothers issued two mortgage bonds companies in the United States are BNC and Aurora. These two branches of mortgage bonds and purchased from other companies constituted the CDO package. The worth of CDO could be about hundreds of millions and even billions of dollars to divide for sale to investors around the world. The interest rate of CDO is much higher than the national bonds in the United States and other investments, so Lehman Brother took advantage of sale these bonds to gained large profits. After that, the public began to worried more about future develop of CDOs from Lehman Brothers and other companies.Then, Lehman Brothers shut down one of the mortgage bonds company BNC because of huge losses and this caused the public’s panic of the credit crunch. The public began to suffer a serious mortgage crisis [7]. As a result, the capital losses a nd lack of credit to the banking system, so that no banks willing to lend money unless borrower to pay high interest rate. The banks which involved in this business are worried about losing their money. However, Lehman Brother was still announced good quarterly results even had problems and other investment banks (e. g.JP Morgan Chase, Citibank) had losses. In January of 2008, Lehman Brother reported their earnings shown that highest income up to $4 billion and their capital just $30 billion [2]. At that time their stock price up to $65, but eight months later the price fell to $4 with more than $600 billion debt. Since 2008, Lehman’s stock price had fallen by 60%. Besides, Lehman Brothers had alternative assets about $40 billion such as hedge funds, private equity funds and real estate funds. In May, Lehman Brothers reported that losses in hedge funds but then said they are recovered [11].Because of Lehman’s total debt $613 billion, and then the negotiation with Barcl ays Bank and Bank of America about take over Lehman Brothers was failed on September 14. While at the same time the investment banks gave up to help Lehman Brothers, Lehman’s market value dropped dramatically, these fact forced Lehman Brothers to filed for bankruptcy protection from the U. S. Bankruptcy Court in Manhattan on September 15, 2008 [4]. After filed for bankruptcy, Lehman Brothers exchanged trading at the OTC (Over the Counter) market only $0. 05 per share.Lehman exercised put option to ensure holders could get profit when they buy the stocks as $0. 05 per share and sell for strike price [10]. When the news of the fourth largest bank Lehman Brothers went bankrupt came out, the dollar currency and the U. S. stock index futures was declined at the same time, this indicated that the New York stock market crash in the open market. In order to prevent the open market crash of Lehman Brothers, the U. S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve System made great effort on three d ays to save markets. The investment bank Barclays and Bank of America exited.The Britain's third largest bank Barclays decided to drop out after the government refused to provide financial guarantees to save Lehman Brothers. Then, the bank of America all announced exit the action. Because the government refused to help and no other support, Lehman Brothers final decided to file for bankruptcy protection caused by suffered serious financial crisis[6]. As we can see, there are many factors caused bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, such as market changes and instability led to systematic risks, the internal problems and risks from Lehman Brothers.The internal problem is one of the most important factors to cause it collapse. As the fourth largest investment bank in the United States, Lehman Brothers more focused on the traditional investment business such as underwriting securities, mergers and acquisitions for a long term. With the rapid development of financial derivatives and fixed inco me products trading, Lehman Brothers strived to expand these businesses and achieved great success. The real estate and credit business develop rapidly after 2000, Lehman Brothers began to involve in these business as other banks [6].However, Lehman Brothers expanded too fast and even in the decline of real estate market in 2007, the commercial real estate bonds of Lehman Brothers still grown quickly. Thus, the rapid growth created more systematic risks for Lehman Brothers. In addition, Lehman Brothers was different from other investment banks like JP Morgan Chase, Bank of America because Lehman had less own capital and its capital adequacy ratio is too low [6]. In order to collected funds to expand business, Lehman had to rely on the bond market and bank lending market.The greater is the leverage ratio when the company borrowing more money from banks, but it has less equity capital. The profit is amplified by the leverage ratio when it makes money, but the loss is enlarging with th e leverage ratio when the company has loss. The lack of funds would be increase the risks for the company when it loss. Moreover, to analyzed the problem of Lehman Brothers’ collapse, it also should be related with the U. S. subprime mortgage crisis and recent financial turmoil intensified from the summer of 2007. In addition, it also considered about the problem of insolvent.Lehman Brother had more than $600 billion bank loans, $155 billion debt securities, and only $639 billion net assets [8]. Besides, the U. S. government took non-interventionism accelerated collapse of Lehman Brothers. As the U. S. government did not make any financial support or warranty to save Lehman Brothers, and leave the market accept the news of the Lehman bankruptcy. The government refused to guarantee Lehman Brothers directly caused many investors to exited, while the Barclays preferred to acquire part of Lehman’s investment business in the United States, this still not strong enough to sa ve Lehman Brothers.Furthermore, the financial markets turmoil around the world should be affect Lehman Brothers, and it also one of a reason affect many companies to left Lehman stocks and bonds whether the U. S. financial institutions or foreign enterprises. Since the market got the news of Lehman Brothers bankruptcy, the Dow Jones Index has dropped nearly 800 points [7]. In short, Lehman Brothers bankruptcy caused the devaluation of investment, cash flow problems and additional losses. Also Lehman financial crisis had a great influence on investors’ directions.Many investors worried about Lehman crisis would be exacerbated the financial crisis and the market prospect is gloomy. Therefore, the Wall Street investment bank Lehman Brothers was collapse in the financial tsunami of 2008. Then on March, 2012, it completed the bankruptcy reorganization and will be to repay debts to creditors. After that, the fourth largest investment bank of the United States has become a historica l. The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers might impact the entire financial market, the investors worried about the outlook of the U. S. economic and the international oil rices continued to decline. And the investors also concerned that the demand of crude oil and other commodities is likely to fall under the shadow of global recession. At the same time, the risk aversion awareness prompted investors to sell commodities and high risk assets. The U. S. stocks sharply down and European stock markets also had a significant decline. The event of Lehman Brothers gave to the world economic recovery to cast more dark shadows in 2008. References [1] Lehman Brothers Collection. Harvard Business School. Baker Library. Retrieved from http://www. ibrary. hbs. edu/hc/lehman/history. html [2] Sean Hinton. Lehman Brothers (LEHMQ). Wikinvest. Retrieved from http://www. wikinvest. com/stock/Lehman_Brothers_%28LEHMQ%29 [3] Landon Thomas Jr. (July 23, 2003). Market Place; Lehman to Buy Neuberger Berman Fo r $2. 6 Billion. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2003/07/23/business/market-place-lehman-to-buy-neuberger-berman-for-2. 6-billion. html [4] Lehman Bros files for bankruptcy. (September 16, 2008). Retrieved from http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/business/7615931. stm [5] Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc.Spector Roseman Kodroff & Willis. Retrieved from http://www. srkw-law. com/areas-of-practice/international/lehman-brothers. html [6] Luigi Zingales. (October 2008). Causes and Effects of the Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy. Retrieved from http://www. scribd. com/doc/11096014/Causes-and-Effects-of-the-Lehman-Brothers-Bankruptcy [7] Lehman Brother. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lehman_Brothers [8] Kim Sarro & Justin Pak. (November 29, 2008). The Causes for the Collapse of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. Retrieved from http://www. articlesbase. om/business-articles/the-causes-for-the-collapse-of-lehman-brothers-holdings-inc-664202. html [9] Lehman Brothers: The last empire of wealth. (December 6, 2011). Retrieved from http://www. stockmarkettoday. cc/lehman-brothers-the-last-empire-of-wealth. html [10] What Happens To Options During Bankruptcy. Option Trading Pedia. Retrieved from http://www. optiontradingpedia. com/what_happens_to_options_during_bankruptcy. htm [11] Hedge funds post biggest losses since Lehman. (June 2010). Retrieved from http://connection. ebscohost. com/c/articles/52970726/hedge-funds-post-biggest-losses-since-lehman

Coping with Stress

Stress can be defined as â€Å"an unpleasant and arousing experience that fills people with negative and unhealthy emotions† (Assassin, Feint, Markus, 2014). Lazarus and Folkway (1984) designated two general types of coping strategies, problem-focused coping, and emotion-focused coping. Problem- focused coping is cognitive and behavioral efforts to alter a stressful situation, and emotional-focused coping is cognitive and behavioral efforts to reduce the distress produced by a stressful situation.A third alternative has been presented by Shells Taylor and and Lisa Spinally, this alternative is known as reactive coping. Proactive coping is up-front efforts to ward off or modify the onset of a stressful event. Then there is social support, the helpful coping resources provided by friends and other people. (Assassin, Feint, Markus, 2014) Of the four types of coping strategies mentioned, use all of them. I use problem-focused coping when I feel like the situation either could have been avoided or could be remedied with a deal of effort on my behalf.Like most people do like stress, and try to do everything that I can to end it, and I try o do so without causing myself additional stress. When it comes to financial stress, will try to find ways to either work more hours or do something to make more money. Of course, taking that approach can cause me additional stress, especially while going to school full time. That's when I may find myself contemplating on taking a semester off from school to free of time to work more and create a financial cushion for myself. I use emotion-focused coping when I feel like the stressful situation is out of my control.While being in the litany, I missed a lot of holidays and birthdays with my family, to cope with this, reminded myself why I chose to serve, that it was only temporary, and that holidays are just another day and focused on the positives, like the fact that had a stable job during the holidays while a lot of people did not. (Assassin, Feint, Markus, 2014) After a while, we tend to recognize when a previously experienced stress is about to show up, or when we find ourselves engaging in certain activity that we know will end up with us in a stressful situation, we utilize proactive coping.We use this probably more often than realize, whenever I feel myself procrastinating with any kind of important business, but then think of the consequences, I get to work to avoid those consequences. I obey the law to avoid the stress of tickets or jail time. There are many different scenarios that proactive coping can be used, and to me it is the best strategy so we can nip it in the bud. (Assassin, Feint, Markus, 2014) Social coping is probably the most utilized strategy of all. With such an influx of social media portals, we see a lot of venting and request for opinions.

Application of Nursing Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Application of Nursing Theory - Assignment Example A nurse manager who has authority over the staff calls them for a meeting whereby they highlight issues affecting their work and carry out collective decision-making. This way, they arrive at good conclusions and each staff is given a goal to attain. After a stipulated period, their work is evaluated whereby each staff is held staff accountable of the already assigned tasks. Nurse mangers can apply this to influence outcomes in patient-care delivery as well as patient satisfactory scores (Meleis, 2011). This theory is well applicable in patient care delivery because the nurses help the patients cope with stress (Meleis, 2011). Stress according to king entails a state where the patients interact with the nurses to maintain a balance for growth (Meleis, 2011). During the transaction between the patient and the health care provider, the patient is given a feeling of control by being involved in decision-making, the nurse listen to their complains as well as offer additional education besides aiding in decision acing (Meleis, 2011). The theory also applies in patient satisfactory scores since as the nurses provide medical and technical information, the patient contributes personal and emotional info. They combine their perceptions and judgments hence drive towards goal attainment (Meleis, 2011). If goals are attained, there will be satisfaction as well as e ffective nursing

R&D report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

R&D report - Research Paper Example Internal combustion engines have also been designed to operate on natural gas since it is cheaper than crude oil derivatives. Although natural gas engines provide for cheaper operating costs, there is a constant need for maintenance on the valve assemblies. The relatively earlier failure of valves, especially exhaust valves, leads to increased maintenance costs as well as lowered machine reliability and availability. This is truer still for smaller gas engines that are employed in domestic backup power applications. This research employs a lubricator in order to improve the lubricity of natural gas so as to improve valve life and hence engine availability and reliability. Keywords: natural gas engine, lubricity, valve failure, exhaust valve, head assembly Table of Contents Statement of the Problem 11 Rationale 11 Assumptions 12 Limitations 12 Nomenclature 13 Terms. 13 Abbreviations. 13 Intellectual Property Issues 14 Patent. 14 Copyright. 14 Fair use. 14 Budget Overview 14 Analysis 1 6 Problem Analysis 16 Existing scenario. 16 Ideal scenario. 16 Gap analysis. 16 Performance Criteria 16 Focusing of the Task Objective 17 Limitations and delimitations of the project. 17 Governing propositions. 17 Assumptions. 17 Statement of the R&D objective. 18 Hypothesis 19 Solution Proposal Method 19 Mechanisms of the Task 19 RCA. 19 Observations and expert opinions. 19 Development Procedures 19 Computer aided engineering (CAE) techniques. 20 Machining. 20 Fabrication. 20 Fitting. 21 Governing Propositions 21 Performance Measures 21 Synthesis 21 Implementation 21 Testing 22 Equipment. 22 Methods. 23 Measurement. 24 Instrumentation. 24 Experimental Results and Data Analysis 25 Validation 26 Status of Task Objective 26 Sustainability 26 Transferability 26 Implications 27 Recommendations 27 References 28 Appendix A – Lubricator Design 29 3D CAD Models 29 Appendix B – Proposed Air Plenum 32 3D CAD Models 32 Index 34 List of Figures Figure 1 - Exhaust valve burn with t he burned area visible on the right side. Continued operation of this valve could have led to catastrophic failure of the engine. 10 Figure 2 - Arrangement of inlet valve and exhaust valve in a single cylinder engine configuration 22 Figure 3 - The gas genset used for the current research sourced from (Green Power, 2013) 23 Figure 4 - MTBF against lubrication feed rate 25 Figure 5 - Lubricator body with bracket welded on 29 Figure 6 - Lubricator graduation cylinder 30 Figure 7 - Lubricator end tail for insertion into air plenum 30 Figure 8 - Complete lubricator assembly including lubrication adjustment screw (shown on the left bottom corner) 31 Figure 9 - Proposed air plenum base 32 Figure 10 - Proposed air plenum top cover 33 List of Tables Table 1 - Budget for the current research. 14 Table 2 - Lubrication feed rate used for experimentation 23 Table 3 - Lubrication feed rates and the corresponding MTBF 25 Proposal to Research and Develop Lubricator for Gas Generators Natural gas s erves as a cheap fuel alternative to the more expensive diesel, gasoline, kerosene, light fuel oil (LFO) and heavy fuel oil (HFO). There has been a growing trend to utilise natural gas in power generation applications in the form of both turbines and internal combustion engines. The lubrication process in a turbine relies on an externally supplied lubricating agent only. However, internal combusti

Employee motivation - case scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employee motivation - case scenario - Essay Example switching all the data base on to a computerized Management Information System that can be accessed by each member from anywhere around the globe. Looking over the companies needs and requirements, the Lewins Change Management Model seems to be the most adequate choice of change for the organization. This shall be further justified along side the three steps to this process. During project proposal, several people will and will not be in favour due to personal reasons and opinions. These individuals will be reluctant to change and hence will resist for it to occur. The solution is to unfreeze the pessimism by convincing them of the benefits that will be received through the new system. The main reasons for reluctancy may be due to feeling neglected of their importance and value, autonomy, monotony of work, job insecurity, lack of computer skills and literacy, lowered salaries etc as stated by Freud. However, automation is the main concern considering all manual data systems (humans) will be replaced by computer systems. The company now re-establishes itself and the staff refreezes itself into the new change of work operations. This is done gradually as each member will adapt to the new system with time. Business activities will then be within a click of a button, with the vast media horizon of internet emails, chats, audio and video conferencing etc. (Normandin, 2012) All the departments will be affected including the accounts, administrative and human resource departments. The aim is to achieve paperless forms of communication with its various clients and suppliers. However, all the employees will not be in favour of this huge change so employee motivation strategies must be employed. Looking into Maslows Hierarchy of Phsical, Emotional and Intellectual Needs for Employee Motivation will help overcome resolve this issue. (Maslow,

Contemporary factors that contribute to sustaining stereotypes and Essay

Contemporary factors that contribute to sustaining stereotypes and prejudice against women's leadership - Essay Example Culture is a factor that contributes substantially to the persistence of the prejudice against women leadership. As such, Klenke (2011) posits that societal values continue to build negative perceptions towards women’s leadership. The idea of constraining women to the home environment is still influential. The society observes that women have a compromised leadership because their social responsibilities bind them tightly. Mainly men are more liberal since they have less social duties. Therefore, the society holds that their leadership is strong because they stand a chance of availing their full potentials in their positions. Additionally, some traditional ideologies fuel the stereotypic attitudes by predetermining men and women duties. As such, tradition assigns women simple careers like nursing, cleaning and child nurturing while careers viewed complex remains a reserve of men (Klenke, 2011). This means women can never be trusted with critical positions even if they exude distinct competencies or capabilities. Such perceptions have made men continue dominating top managements. Consequently, ideas built by these factors have led to proliferation of numerous subtle forms that challenges women’s career. Initially, women hardly earn promotions since the community view men to be confident, and with strong career orientation. As such, they are granted promotions confidently. Therefore, women’s career route tends to be still at some levels due to lack of promotions (Klenke, 2011). Furthermore, women receive little support for developing their careers. Many donors and organizations fund men; as opposed, to women since they are associated with poor. In conclusion, women continue to face extensive challenges in their career course. Values advocated by the society through culture and traditions have corrupted people’s minds hence leading to resistance. Unless the society understands the influential effects exerted by the cultural and

Sao Paulos Climate Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sao Paulos Climate - Case Study Example This climate has remained relatively stable for decades; the last reported snow storm occurred in 1918 (Sau Paoulo Climate and Weather). Sao Paulo is the richest city in Brazil and the southern hemisphere, and it is also the most populated. It holds over 11,000,000 residents and is over 1500 square kilometers. The city is growing at such a fast and expansive rate that much of its infrastructure has had difficulty evolving and meeting the needs of the growth. Energy production has therefore been very, very chaotic. The state has been able to produce more electicity than the plants in both Argentina and Chile, but because of the constant increase in population, power outages are becoming a presence and a threat. An increase in the electrical supply of the city is needed. Furthermore, the existence of geothermal plants, as well as imports of natural gas and cogeneration are becoming more vital to the city's survival (Henkin). With these problems in mind, it is important to consider the question: To what extent do "ecological" materials satisfy the thermal necessities of a building in a city of Tropical climate as So Paulo With the current energy crisis abounding, it appears that necessities provided by energy, including air conditioning in climate control, are being threatened. However, considering the fact that this is a city in a tropical climate, one item that the city may wish to consider and invest in is that of solar power. Solar power could help to answer the energy crisis, and thus also assist with the thermal necessities in a city in a tropical climate. While the initial investment may be costly, the strategy would certainly pay for itself in the end, benefit the city overall, and help to solve the problems of energy existing today. Urban heat in the island areas itself has been a reported problem that could be put to use and gain significant energy features. For instance, many islanders report that the climate can be quite hot in February. Since this is an island affected by its location under the equator, heat can be extreme at the peak seasons. This means that buildings will be using more climate control features, such as air conditioning, to protect customers and themselves from inevitable health concerns, like heat stroke. Further energy shortages are always expected during these months because of this inevitable behavior. However, if the heat and sunlight can be harnessed and put into good effect, it could actually solve the energy efficiency problem, and thus the island could use one of its own energy resources to help with the climate during the hotter months. The sunlight exposure present at Sao Paulo also brings a few other items to light that one must need to consider. This concept is that of electromagnetic radiation, including UVA, UVG, and UVC. Most individuals know that some sun exposure, if it is slight, can be beneficial to one's health. In fact, a lack of sunlight can make individuals feel depressed. However, too much sun is also dangerous, and can cause detrimental effects to one's health, including sunburns, heatstroke, and skin cancer. These factors need to be considered for those living in the city. Works Cited Henkin, S. "Sao Paulo: Urbanization Run Amok." World and I, Vol. 14, August 1999. Sau Paulo

Children's behaviour towards undirected recreational play Research Paper - 1

Children's behaviour towards undirected recreational play - Research Paper Example Some of these common play activities include: hide and seek; peek a boo et cetera. Michael (2009) argues that to children, play tends to be instinctive. According to research conducted by American Association for Physical activity (2012), it illuminates that besides play being fun and exciting, it also facilitates the development of a child’s cognition, and motor skills including imagination, problem solving, creativity and social skills. Perhaps, this explains the notion that children who are playful usually tend to be intelligent and emotionally stable. Gray (2008) points out that one way of categorizing child play is directed and undirected play. Directed play is where play is controlled by adults. Gray (2008) further asserts that this mainly occurs in schools particularly early childhood classes such as Early Years, and primary. The adults engage the children in organized activities where the children have to follow the rules outlined by the adults. Moreover, the objective and focus of play, which is mostly to win in accordance to the stipulated rules, is dictated by the adults. Undirected play, on the other hand, takes place without the supervision of adults. In this play, the children are simply left to create their own forms of play. One common instance is during break time in learning institutions where children are left to play on their own. Several research studies have focused on the impact and importance of play among children. However, it will be prudent to focus on the impact and importance of a specific category of play. This main objective of this research paper, therefore, is to determine children’s behavior towards undirected play. To achieve the above objective, a specific objective will focus on identifying the importance and impact of directed and undirected play among children, as well as the behavioral problems. Gray (2008) focuses his literature work on the value of play. He

Film Analysis of Dead Man Walking Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Film Analysis of Dead Man Walking - Term Paper Example In order to discuss these critically important principles and relate them to the film under analysis, first the particular scene to which each of them relates the most will be identified. Then, that principle will be scrutinized to appreciate what literature has to say about it and finally, the extent to which each principle relates to the scene described will be critically analyzed. A- Deindividuation Scene: After going through many sessions with Poncelet, Sister Helen develops a special relationship with him and also becomes his confidant. She strongly believes in the value of forgiveness and repeatedly attempts to inculcate the same belief in him in many earlier scenes. It is because of that emphasis that near the end of the film just sometime before Poncelet is about to be executed for his crime, he confides in Sister Helen that he did in fact kill the boy and rape the girl despite having denied these deeds before. In this scene, he takes full responsibility for the cruel demise of both teenagers. What is deindividuation? Deindividuation is popularly described as marked loss of self-awareness to the point that a person becomes uncaring about social code of conduct or norms of the society. The loss of self-awareness is so potent that a person refuses to take responsibility for any action taken by him/her. ... Such people have no regard for others’ lives and do not seem to mind the idea of them bringing suffering or acute distress in other people’s lives. Deindividuation also compels people to violate their personal norms because external norms become more powerful (Pastorino and Doyle-Portillo 473) and engage in activities they would not care about otherwise. It is associated with unbridled and offensive behavior because it lowers the sense of self-awareness leaving a person unable to conscientiously evaluate his/her actions. How the scene conforms to the principle of deindividuation? This scene illustrates how deindividuation played a destructive role in motivating Poncelet to murder two innocent people. Because of wrong influence in the form of Carl Vitello and his own weaknesses, he violated his person code of conduct and lived by the external norms which stimulated him to commit the crime. He had no self-awareness in that moment and even after that, he is not seen willin g to take responsibility for his heinous actions. Before this scene, he always admitted being high on drugs but blamed Vitello for killing the teenagers leaving himself out of the main action. His personal norm was to lie about the real situation and he tried to live by that norm. However, when the moment of execution finally dawns on him, he loses self-awareness and the will to protect himself. Here, the external norms of Sister Helen related to honesty and taking responsibility for one’s actions become more powerful. B- Schemas Scene: Near the end of the movie, Sister Helen tells Pocelet that he is a son of God and should expect forgiveness because while he is being executed, Christ would be here.

Writing Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Writing Today - Essay Example The chapter is characterized by proposal examples which make it easier for the learner to master and comprehend the process. The chapter outlines the steps a student should follow in wring a proper proposal. First, the student has to find and focus on the content of the proposal. This part makes the bulk of the proposal. As such, the content is the major part of a proposal. Under the content, the problem to be solved is often identified and how it is to be solved or tackled. The learner must make this part as convincing as possible. Most people review a proposal’s viability by analyzing its content, the addressed problem, and the offered solutions. After inventing the content of the proposal, the next step is to draft the proposal. All the relevant ideas are synched and written down. Additionally, the proposal is organized in a coherent manner. Next, an appropriate style is applied to the proposal. Subsequently, the proposal is designed in a logical, understandable and easy to understand manner with all the major ideas, arguments or parts being clearly verified. To rid the proposal of minor and major grammar and structural mistakes, the document is revised and edited (Paine, Charles & Johnson-Sheehan, 2012). After this process, the proposal is ready for submission. A proposal can be developed by following three major stages. However, this depends on the inclinations of the target audience or sponsor. Some audiences may prefer a concept paper in advance. The concept paper basically focuses on the proposal’s content and problem to be solved. A preliminary proposal may follow the concept paper. Lastly, a full complete proposal is the developed. In this chapter, the authors have in fact followed their own advice in writing. They have done this by primarily making the text scannable, brief, and easy to navigate.

Training and development Essay Example for Free

Training and development Essay Orientation Period All fresh and promotes employees take part in an orientation period. The reason of the orientation period is to greet employees to The Cornell Cooperative Extension Association and to publicize them with the Association and their fresh jobs and responsibilities. The beginning of the orientation period may comprise of a tour of the â€Å"facility, introduction to coworkers, distribution and review of the employee manual, and enrollment in benefits, if applicable. † Along with that, the employees manager will analyze the performance prospect of the job and program on-the-job training and development. During the complete orientation period, the Association will assess and supply on-going feedback comparative to the latest staff members presentation. The Association will then decide whether or not the new staff member will be kept hold of. The new staff member will have the chance to choose whether or not she/he wishes to continue with the service associated with the Association. The orientation period is not an agreement of service for any set phase of time. Exempt staff members provide a least orientation period of twelve months. Non-exempt staff members serve an orientation period of up to six months. All through the orientation period, the employees supervisor â€Å"monitors, provides feedback and coaching, and evaluates the employees job performance, work habits, attendance, cooperation, and potential for development in the position. † Staff members get a written notice if they are not to be kept held by the Association through the orientation or if the orientation period is to be lengthened. http://counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/310%20(A). htm. Performance Development Professional expansion prospects supply for the constant enlargement and knowledge of employees and, in turn, improve their involvements to the association. Successful proficient development strategies occupy the employee, his/her supervisor, the Association, and Extension Administration. Any staff member has the accountability to look for explanation of roles and responsibilities at any occasion when there is hesitation or perplexity surrounding performance prospects during the supervisor or Association. Promotions and Transfers. Cornell Cooperative Extension supports the career development and expansion of its employees by allowing employees for promotions and transfers to other places. It is the objective of the Association to utilize worthwhile workers whose documentations and knowledge go with the requirements of the situation. The Association normally employs both internal and external candidates for job opportunities. Program and administrative requirements of the Association may involve a worker being allocated latest â€Å"responsibilities, roles and accountabilities at any time. † http://counties. cce. cornell.edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/312%20(A). htm. Separating from Employment To guarantee an even change an employee who proposes to leave from service with Cornell Cooperative Extension is appealed to present a written notice to the employees supervisor at least two workweeks prior to the date of resignation is to be efficient. Supervisory staff is demanded to provide a minimum of four workweeks written notice. Retirement is a partition of service when the member of staff chooses to accept withdrawal advantages under his or her retirement benefit plan. A written exit interview form is supplied to the worker. In the exit interview form, the worker is encouraged to offer â€Å"suggestions, concerns, and constructive recommendations about the Association and its policies. † An employees final paycheck for all hours worked is given on the next habitually planned payday after the employees last day of work. http://counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/315%20(A). htm Substance Free Workplace It is Associations ambition to supply a â€Å"drug- and alcohol-free and smoke free, healthy, and safe workplace. † Employees are needed to account to work in a suitable mental and physical situation to carry out their jobs in a reasonable approach. An employee is banned from carrying, â€Å"using, selling, purchasing, storing, distributing, manufacturing, or having alcoholic beverages, illegal drugs, controlled substances, or narcotics present in the employees system when reporting to work, during working hours, or at any time while conducting official business-related activities. † An employee should account any troubles in the place of work that happen as a consequence of alcohol or drugs to the employees supervisor straight away. http://counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/905%20(A). htm. Compensation Worker’s Compensation Workers Compensation Insurance is a New York State-required agenda planned to defend the monetary steadiness and to cover medical bills of employees who experience an unintentional damage or sickness happening out of and in the route of service, as determined by the Workers’ Compensation Board. Any misplaced time must be recognized by a physicians certificate. Compensation payments are carried out by the State Insurance Fund as a repayment to the Association in agreement with the following salary persistence policy: â€Å"If the injury/illness lasts 7 calendar days or less: The employee will be paid at full salary and sick leave will not be charged against the employee. The Association is not reimbursed by the State Insurance Fund for the missed days. If the injury/illness lasts more than 7 calendar days, but not more than 14: Beginning with the eighth day, the association compensates the employee at 2/3 pay for missed days. The State Insurance Fund will only reimburse the association for up to 2/3 of the employees average weekly salary for those days missed beyond the first seven. The employee may elect to use accrued sick leave to supplement the 2/3 pay from the association. If the injury/illness lasts more than 14 calendar days: The Association will continue to pay the employee at 2/3 pay. The Association will be reimbursed by the State Insurance Fund for up to 2/3 of the employees average weekly salary (including the first 7 days). Again, the employee may elect to use 1/3 accrued sick leave to supplement the 2/3 pay from the Association. † http://counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/605%20(A).htm Position Classification and Pay Rates. The Association employs the Cornell Cooperative Extension System Classification Model. Each situation surrounded by the Association is allocated a classification payroll title thoughtful of the position’s position and responsibilities. Rates of pay are recognized by the Association in agreement with the Association Compensation Program. The Association’s goal is to pay each employee moderately supported upon presentation and monetary potential and dependable with job responsibilities. The payroll period begins on Thursday and ends 14 calendar days later on Wednesday for non-exempt. For Exempt, the first payroll period begins on the first day of the month and continues through the 15th of that month. The second payroll period begins on the 16th day of the month and continues through the last day of the month. Appraisal Benefits Administration The Association offer its employees a complete benefits parcel. Eligibility for benefits is reliant upon numerous factors, including employment classification and length of service. Benefits are administered according to appropriate administration guideline, â€Å"insurance carrier master policy, plan document, or Association policy. † In addition, the Association has the right to decide suitability for benefits and to understand the terms of each plan or Association policy. The Association reserves the right to put in, adjust, or finish benefits for all present, previous, and retired employees at any time. http://counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/801%20(A). htm References CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 101 http://counties. cce. cornell.edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/101%20(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 301 http://counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/301(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 302 http://counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/302%20(A). htm. Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 303 http://counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/303%20(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 304 http://counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/304%20(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006. CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 308 http://counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/308%20(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETompkins. org | Your Page http://counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/employment/staffDev. htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 310 http://counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/310%20(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 312 http://counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/312%20(A). htm. Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 315 http://counties. cce.cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/315%20(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 605 http://counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/605%20(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 801 http://counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/801%20(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CCETC HR Policy Manual Code 905 http://counties. cce. cornell. edu/tompkins/HRpolicy/905%20(A). htm Accessed October 4, 2006 CLA: About CLA CLA Position Statements: Human Resource Management Practices ttp://www. cla. ca/about/human.htm Accessed October 4, 2006 Compensation Internet Guide http://www. hr-guide. com/compensation. htm Accessed October 4, 2006 Cornell Cooperative Extension http://www. cce. cornell. edu/about_extension/ Accessed October 4, 2006 Human Resources Management ttp://www. managementhelp. org/hr_mgmnt/hr_mgmnt. htm Accessed October 4, 2006 Human resources Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ttp://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Personnel Accessed October 4, 2006 Office of Human Capital Management Homepage http://www. usda. gov/da/employ. html Accessed October 4, 2006.

Advantages And Limitations Of Mobile Applications Information Technology Essay

Advantages And Limitations Of Mobile Applications Information Technology Essay Mobile applications are a quickly emerging section of the overall mobile market. These applications are made up of software that runs on a mobile device and carry out specific tasks for mobile phones and Pocket PCs. The focus of this paper is to describe the business advantages and limitations of the Best Buy Geek Squads wireless Pocket PC mobile devices and how they overcame those limitations. Additionally, describe the software development challenges of wireless mobile devices and how Medstar Health and Unifi met those challenges. Lastly, identify the advantages and limitation of companies using software packages already unavailable for use with wireless devices. Best Buy Background For many of todays businessman, Pocket PCs have become like another appendage. While there are some definite advantages to carrying a Pocket PC, its easy to overlook some of the obstacles associated with conducting business on them. The Geek Squad is an ancillary of the Best Buy Company which is headquartered in Richfield, Minnesota. The company offers a variety of computer-related services for both residential and commercial customers. Geek Squad agents provide both in-store, on-site services, as well as, Internet, and additionally also provides 24-hour telephone and emergency support. Best Buys agents are equipped with Sprint PPC-6700 Smart Devices, a Pocket PCs/cell phone combination that run on Windows Mobile 5.0 (OBrien Marakas, 2008). Advantages and Limitations There are many advantages to the Geek Squad Agents using the Sprint PPC-6700 Smart Device. One advantage is that these devices have full access to Sprints EV-DO third-generation cellular network, and have complete Web browsing capabilities (Geek Squad, 2010). When an agent is on the road and needs directions to his next job, he can quickly access Google or Yahoo maps and easily navigate to his destination, rather than having to fumble around with a map or to call back to Best Buy dispatchers. Additionally, agents can use their wireless devices to log onto Best Buys order system where they can obtain price quotes, process payments, complete transactions, and generate receipts for the customers. As with most devices, the Sprint PPC-6700 does have a down side. The problem the Geek Squad agents are having with this device is the small slide-out keyboard. The small keyboard limits their ability to type quickly and accurately, therefore wasting precious time (OBrien Marakas, 2008). Overcoming Limitations Along with battery life, inputting text is one of the most difficult problems for users of mobile devices. First and foremost, the problem is lies in the physical size of the keyboard, followed by the conflicting needs of speed and familiarity. As wireless data services flood into the market, the need for efficient text entry is becoming ever more critical, yet essential tradeoffs limit the practical options. Best Buy solved its problem with the Sprint PPC 7600 with the use of handwriting recognition software. Handwriting recognition is a method by which a computer system can recognize letter, characters and other symbols written by hand in ordinary handwriting. This type technology is generally used on devices such as PDA and Pocket PCs where a stylus is used to write on a screen, after which the computer program converts the handwriting into digital text (Handwriting Recognition, 2009). Geek Squad agents can hand write notes that go directly into Best Buys order system to be used a reference for later transactions. The next time a customer calls in with a problem, the agent can quickly pull up his notes for quicker and more reliable customer service. Prior to this technology, agents would have to wait until they got back to the office to enter the customers information into the system. According to one agent, it saves them 10-15 minutes that could have otherwise been spent helping a customer or traveling to the next job (OBrien Marakas, 2008). Although this is a big improvement, Best Buy is not fully content with the limitations of the current handwriting recognition software. They are now testing voice recognition software will permit agents to open and close programs with voice prompts allowing for quicker and better customer service. Voice recognition is a computer technology that uses audio input for a means of entering data instead of the using a keyboard. Speaking into a microphone delivers the same result as typing words physically with a keyboard. Vo ice recognition software is constructed with a database of identifiable words or phrases. The computer program matches up the voice audio signature with the equivalent entry in the database (Voice Recognition, 2009). Although, changing speech into text might sound simple, it is enormously difficult. The problem starts with an almost infinite assortment of speech patterns and accents, compounded by the tendency for people to run words together or the use of slang words. Software Development Challenges Mobile systems and mobile applications have gained a lot of attention both in research and industry over the last years. The market share of mobile devices is constantly growing. More and more, users expect their mobile devices to provide functionality similar to the one they know from their desktop computers, but also to provide additional, mobile device specific functionality, like location based services. However, software development for mobile devices is still cumbersome and a methodology geared towards supporting the development of such mobile applications is still lacking. One key factor for the commercial success of mobile devices is the quick development of software applications (Software Challenges, 2010). On the other hand, developing mobile software can be especially difficult since applications need to be conscience of and adapt to changing resources such as battery life and bandwidth. At one point in time it appeared like some standardization might occur and a common platform emerge, but most attempts have stumbled, and ultimately come up short of the ideal they set out to accomplish. None of these approaches were specifically at fault. They each simply met a specific set of needs during which the evolution of mobile devices that made the best of existing hardware and bandwidth limitations. The problem that each of them faced was the speed of evolution of mobile technology (Grotnes, 2009). It is true that mobile devices are still restricted by screen size, lack of a full size keyboard, and limited bandwidth. But there are already plenty of mobile devices with readable screens, 3D graphics, touch screens, accelerometers, compasses, and GPS capability. The functionality is in place for some outstanding state of the art applications and for smart developers to exploit. On the other hand, there is little standardization as hardware manufacturers struggle to get the best out of their devices (Grotnes, 2009). Conquering Challenges MedStar Health is a non-profit healthcare organization that is facing similar software development challenges. MedStars IT department supports thousands of nurses and doctors, who use a multitude of mobile devises such as Pocket PCs, PDA, Blackberrys, and Palm Treos. Since there is no clear cut leader in mobile technology, it is hard for MedStars IT Department to push for a standard device. Because MedStars nurses and doctors are not forced to use a standard device, it is difficult for their IT Department to keep up with new mobile devices and ensure they are compatible with the companys applications. To overcome these challenges, MedStar thought outside the box and worked with vendor to tailor applications that would work on a wide range of devices. MedStar chose to work with Siemens Medical Solutions and came up with a software solution that allows medical practitioners to access their patients information through Siemens Invision mainframe using any of their mobile devices. This t ype of thinking by MedStars IT Department allowed the company to meet its goals without having to sacrifice any functionality. Many times off-the- shelf applications will not meet the needs of a customer and may require some tweaking by the manufacturer to accommodate its customers specific needs. Conclusion A management information system is a system or process that provides information needed to manage organizations effectively (Computer and Information Systems Managers, 2010). As with the case of Best Buy and MedStar, their overall strategies were affected by MIS. Best Buy chose to use standard mobile devices and off-the-shelf applications to meet both its customers and employees needs. Whereas MedStar, decided it was better for them to develop specific software to overcome their challenges. Neither way is right or wrong, it just depends on your specific situation and needs. In a slowing economy, MIS strategies would definitely have to be reevaluated to ensure the organization is being managed effectively. In the case of MedStar, I would opt for the strategy the Geek Squad took with standardizing mobile devices and using off-the-shelf applications. In a slowing economy, this would save a considerable amount of time and money not having to develop software that is compatible for a mult itude of different devices. Additionally, a smaller IT Department could be utilized, saving thousands of dollars in nonessential personnel.

Neurodegenerative Diseases: Systems, Causes and Treatments

Neurodegenerative Diseases: Systems, Causes and Treatments Simon Mendy Compare the symptoms, causes and available or future treatments for Motor Neuron Disease, Spinal Muscular Atrophy and Myasthenia Gravis. Neurodegenerative diseases are hereditary (inherited) and sporadic (acquired during a person’s life) conditions caused by progressive nervous system dysfunction (http://ec.europa.eu/health/major_chronic_diseases/diseases/brain_neurological/index_en.htm). Motor neuron disease and Spinal Muscular Atrophy (shrink) are neurodegenerative conditions that arise due to motor neurons dysfunction and Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder. Motor neuron disease is caused by damage to motor neurons; Spinal muscular atrophy is due to deterioration of the motor neurons connecting the brain and spinal cord; Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition that arises due to the damage or blocking of muscle receptors by antibodies accidently produced by the immune system. All three disorders result in weakness, making there diagnosis very hard, because weakness is a very common symptom of many conditions. However, possibilities are ruled out depending on the age of the pers on affected. If someone exhibiting muscle weakness is 1 year old, it is more likely that the person has SMA than the MG or MND, because SMA generally affects children ranging from less than six months to around the age of three, whereas MND is common in teenagers and young adults, and MG normally affects middle aged adults. Motor neurone disease is a unique condition of unknown aetiology that occurs when motor neurons (specialist nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that relay signals from the brain to the muscles) become damaged and ultimately stop working (http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Motor-neurone-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx). This causes the muscles that the damage nerves supply to gradually lose strength, usually with wasting of muscles. It is unclear exactly what causes motor neurons to stop working, but, there is not thought to be a link with factors like lifestyle, race and diet. In a small number of cases (about 5%), there is a family history of either motor neuron disease or a related condition known as frontotemporal dementia. However, there is no single test to diagnose MND and diagnosis is solely based on the opinion of a neurologist, on the basis of the symptoms observed and a physical examination. In some cases a specialised test is needed to rule out other possible conditions. Symptoms of motor neurone disease begin gradually over a period of weeks and months, generally only on one side of the body at the beginning, and gradually get worse with time. Symptoms normally include having clumsy fingers or weaker grip (early signs of weakness). Other symptoms include: wasting of muscles, muscle cramps, hardships with swallowing and communication, excess saliva (difficulties swallowing saliva), and coughing after swallowing. After sometime, a person with motor neuron disease may find themselves unable to move. In a small number of cases (10-15%), motor neuron disease is associated with a type of dementia called frontotemporal dementia that can affect behaviour and personality. The main types of motor neuron disease are: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (accounts for 60-70% of all cases), progressive bulbar palsy (PBP), progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) (http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Motor-Neurone-Disease). Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal (a chromosome that is not allosome) recessive genetic disease that causes muscle weakness and progressive loss of movement (http://www.fsma.org/FSMACommunity/understandingsma/WhatCausesSMA/). Around 1 out of every 40 people are genetic carriers of the disease (they carry the mutated gene but do not actually have SMA) (http://www.fsma.org/FSMACommunity/understandingsma/WhatCausesSMA/). Gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/mutationsanddisorders/genemutation). Gene mutation occurs in two different ways: they are either inherited from parents (known as hereditary mutation) or they are acquired at some time during a person’s life (known as acquired mutation). Hereditary mutations happen when mutations are present in both the egg and sperm cells. A person that has inherited this type of mutation has it present in virtually every cell in their body, throughout th eir lifetime. Acquired mutations occur in individual cells at some time during a person’s lifetime. These changes can occur due to environmental factors like ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun, chemicals, and radiation, or if a mistake is made whilst DNA copies itself during cell division (mitosis and meiosis). Acquired mutations are only inherited if they occur in sex cells. According to the National Genome Institute, almost all diseases have some kind of genetic factor. These disorders can be cause by multiple gene mutations, a mutation in a single gene, combined gene mutation and environmental factors, or by chromosome damage or mutation. Gene mutation has been identified as the cause of numerous disorders including spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), haemophilia, Tay-Sachs, sickle cell, anaemia, cystic fibrosis and some cancers (http://biology.about.com/od/basicgenetics/ss/gene-mutation.htm). The term SMA is used mainly for the most common form spinal muscular atrophy, which is caused by a genetic problem where one copy of the genetic error (mutation in autosomes) is inherited from each parent. SMA is classified into four different categories, from Type I IV. The classification of SMA depends on the age at which symptoms of the disease arise and the severity of the symptoms. Symptoms of SMA normally include problems with breathing, eating, moving and swallowing; floppy arms and legs (In children with either Type I or II SMA); twitching of the muscles in the arms, legs or tongue. Type I SMA is the most severe, it develops in babies under six months old. Type II is less severe that Type I SMA, it affects babies between the ages 6 to 18 months. Type III and Type IV are the mildest types of SMA. Type III normally affects children around 3 years old. Type IV affects adults. In the most severe cases of SMA (Types I and II), fatal respiratory problems usually develop during chi ldhood. In mild cases such as Types III and IV SMA, life expectancy is normally unaffected (http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Spinal-muscular-atrophy/Pages/Introduction.aspx). Spinal muscular atrophy is caused by the deletion of the survival motor neuron gene 1 (SMN1) (http://www.fsma.org/FSMACommunity/understandingsma/WhatCausesSMA/). In healthy people SMN1 produces a protein known as the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. In a person with mutated genes, the supply of this protein is absent or is significantly decreased. This results in the deterioration of the nerve cells (motor neurons) connecting the brain and spinal cord to the body’s muscles, therefore causing muscle weakness and gradual loss of movement, because the SMN protein is critical to the survival and health of motor neurons. Spinal muscular atrophy affects 1 in 6000 to 1 in 10000 people. Myasthenia gravis is a unique long-term autoimmune condition which affects the nerves and muscles, resulting in the muscles becoming weak. An autoimmune condition is caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking and destroying healthy body tissue. Ordinarily, the immune systems white blood cells protect the body from harmful substances, known as antigens. For examples: viruses, bacteria, toxins, etc. antibodies are produced as a counter measure by the immune system that destroy the antigens. In people with autoimmune disorder, the immune system has difficulty distinguishing between antigens and healthy body tissue. Due to this an immune system response that kills healthy body tissue is produced. The cause of the immune system no longer being able to distinguish between antigens and healthy body tissue is unknown at present. A theory suggests that drugs or microorganisms (like bacteria or viruses) may trigger some of these changes. In myasthenia gravis, the immune system accidental ly produces antibodies (proteins) that damage or block muscle receptor cells. This stops muscles contracting because the antibodies prevent messages being past from the nerve endings to the muscles. However, it is not understood why the immune system of some people produce antibodies that attack the muscle receptor cells. Symptoms of myasthenia gravis generally include impaired eye movement and weakness of muscles that are voluntarily controlled, therefore affecting functions such as facial expressions, eye and eye lid movement, chewing, talking and swallowing, and weakness of neck and limbs. However since weakness is a common symptom in many different diseases and conditions, diagnosis of myasthenia gravis is normally delayed or missed. Myasthenia gravis is diagnosed through Blood tests, Genetic tests and Electromyogram. In the U.S about 20 in 100,000 people are diagnosed with myasthenia gravis. Presently there is no known cure for MND, SMA, OR MG, however there are treatments that can be initiated with aims to ease symptoms to help the person feel more comfortable and have a better quality of life, and compensate for the gradual loss of bodily functions like mobility, communication, breathing and swallowing. For example, for MND, muscle relaxants can help reduce muscle stiffness; medicines such as phenytoin can treat muscle cramps; a breathing mask can help reduce shortness of breath. Right now, the only available treatment for MND that affects the progression of the disease is Riluzole, however it doesn’t stop the progression of motor neuron disease, but only slows it down by a few months (http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Motor-neurone-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx). With SMA, depending on the severity, treatment could involve: exercise, to prevent joint stiffness and improve range of movement and flexibility; assistive equipment such as motorised wheelchairs and walk ing frames if someone with SMA has difficulty moving; nutrition advice and feeding tubes; bracing and surgery to treat scoliosis (curvature of the spine) (http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Spinal-muscular-atrophy/Pages/Treatment.aspx). For patients with MG, medication such as pyridostigmine and neostigmine (less common), can prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, an important chemical that assists the muscles in contracting (http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Myasthenia-gravis/Pages/Treatment.aspx). If pyridostigmine is ineffective, steroid tablets can be used to lessen the symptoms. Doctors also often prescribe azathioprine, methotrexate or mycophenolate, to suppress the immune system. Muscle strength can be improved by controlling the production of abnormal antibodies through the use immunosuppressants. In some cases of MG, surgery to remove the thymus gland (a thymectomy) may be recommended. The thymus gland is part of the immune system and is found underneath the breast bone, it is someti mes abnormal in people with MG. In numerous cases, treatment of MG substantially improves muscle weakness allowing a person with the condition to lead a comparatively normal life. Some people may experience permanent or temporally periods where symptoms stop and treatment is no longer needed. Permanent remissions occur in about a third of the people who have a thymectomy (http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Myasthenia-gravis/Pages/Treatment.aspx). Currently, the hope of many is that stem cells of extraneural or neural origin might be modified in vitro (i.e. transforming skin cells into induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)) (http://www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/motor-neurone-disease-how-could-stem-cells-help) to differentiate into motor neurons that would migrate to sites of motor neuron loss and restore the motor pathways lost in MND by forming functional connections (Boulis, 2011). The most promising cells so far that can be used for stem treatment of MND are spinal cord stem cells, which are able to produce both motor neurons and a cell call glia. Many of the proteins known as growth factors that contribute to motor neurons development are secreted by glia. There is also a possibility that non-neuronal cells such as glia can be used to prevent further damage to motor neurons and encourage repair through the production of the working version of the protein SOD1, which in some types of MND doesn’t function properly (htt p://www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/motor-neurone-disease-how-could-stem-cells-help). Stem cell therapy also has to the potential to be used as a possible cure for SMA, MG and other neurological conditions. Gene therapy uses genes to prevent or treat a disease by introducing genetic material in cells to compensate for abnormal genes or to make a beneficial protein (MacKenzie, 2010). Gene therapy was found to be well suited as a future treatment for SMA by the Kaspar group: who described a self-complementary (sc) AAV9 vector that crosses the blood-brain barriers after systemic administration; because of scAAV9’s remarkable efficiency in central nervous system (CNS) gene transfer, after intravenous delivery in mice and other larger animals. Using this as a base, the Kaspar group along with Arthur burgees, detail the most successful rescue reported yet in a mouse model of severe SMA. This was achieved by injecting scAAV9 that is carrying SMN1, into the facial vein of mice pups on their day of birth (MacKenzie, 2010). The approach of injecting scAAV9 into mice pups, resulted in the transduction of 40% of motor neurons, and an extension of the lifespan of the mice from 2 weeks to more than 250 days, combined with almost normalised neuromuscular electrophysiology and normal motor function (MacKenzie, 2010). This preliminary data obtained in the gene therapy rescue of SMA in the mouse model, reported by the Kaspar group and Arthur Burghes (a pioneer of SMA), suggests that the same approach could be used in primates. The authors investigated systemic injection of scAAV9-GFP in a cynomolgus monkey (1 day of age). After four weeks, the magnitude of GFP in spinal motor neurons recorded was similar to that shown by the mice (MacKenzie, 2010), boding well for possible application to humans. This news, along with recent encouraging reports of AAV gene therapy of retinal disease, supports the further rehabilitation of gene therapy as a credible therapeutic alternative for neurological diseases, including MG, SMA and MND. The stage seems set: with seemingly untreatable disorders of unknown pathogenesis; an unknown presymptomatic way of diagnosis; and, the small possibility of a cure through gene therapy and stem cell therapy, which are by far the best hopes, not only for MND, SMA and MG, but also for other neurological diseases. However, gene therapy and stem cell therapy are subject to a lot of public disagreement. For gene therapy this is due to fact that, gene therapy targeted at germ cells (egg and sperm cells), (known as germline gene therapy) could be pass on to next generations. Whilst it spares a family and their future generations from a specific genetic disorder, there’s a possibility it could affect the development of a fetus in unexpected ways or have yet unknown long-term side effects (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/therapy/ethics). Because the people who are going to be affected are not yet born, they are unable to choose whether to have the treatment, resulting in big debates on e whether germline gene therapy should be used. Other ethical concerns involve negative impacts on what society thinks is â€Å"normal†, and discrimination toward those with the â€Å"undesirable traits† that arise from using gene therapy as a form â€Å"modification† for unwanted traits or to make â€Å"genetic improvements†. The idea of stem cell therapy is also controversial. Whilst it can used for the treatment of many diseases including neurological ones, there are ethical problems involving how it is obtained. For example, stem cells obtained from the embryo, because the embryo is viewed as a potential person. Due to this, taking stem cells from an embryo is considered to be murder, however, it’s argued that, an early embryo that hasn’t be implanted into the uterus doesn’t have properties we associate with being a person, and therefore can and should be used for the benefit of patients (who are persons). Bibliography: http://ec.europa.eu/health/major_chronic_diseases/diseases/brain_neurological/index_en.htm (20/07/2014) http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Motor-neurone-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx (20/07/2014) http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Motor-Neurone-Disease (20/07/2014) http://www.fsma.org/FSMACommunity/understandingsma/WhatCausesSMA/ (04/07/2014) http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/mutationsanddisorders/genemutation (20/06/2014) http://biology.about.com/od/basicgenetics/ss/gene-mutation.htm (21/06/2014) http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Spinal-muscular-atrophy/Pages/Introduction.aspx (20/07/2014) http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Spinal-muscular-atrophy/Pages/Treatment.aspx (04/07/2014) http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Myasthenia-gravis/Pages/Treatment.aspx (21/07/2014) http://www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/motor-neurone-disease-how-could-stem-cells-help (05/07/2014) Nicholas M. Boulis. (2011). Gene Therapy for Motor Neuron Disease.Gene Vector Design and Application to Treat Nervous System Disorders. 33 (3), p41-49 Alex MacKenzie. (2010). A severe inherited neuromuscular disease is corrected in mice by intravenous gene delivery.Gene therapy for spinal muscular atrophy. 28 (3), 235-237 http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/therapy/genetherapy, (27/06/2014) http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/therapy/ethics, (28/06/2014) http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/therapy/procedures, (27/06/2014)

Caroline in Jane Smileys A Thousand Acres :: Smiley Thousand Acres Essays

Caroline in A Thousand Acres It is really striking that a novel in which bodies of people and bodies of land (and, intertextually, bodies of text) are so central, creates a character that is so distinctly "unbodied": Caroline Cook. Nevertheless, it is in keeping with traditional and patriarchal interpretations of Cordelia's character in King Lear: a paragon of purity and transcendence. While her sisters' bodies are thoroughly described and, not least, imbued with meaning, Caroline is always described in terms of her business-like " 'take-me-seriously-or-I'll-sue-you' demeanor" (13), her expensive clothes and assertive actions. She is in fact described like a man, a trait first exposed when she as a child says that she's not going to be a farmwife when she grows up, but a farmer (61), then when Ginny has her moment of insight toward the end, and suddenly sees everybody clearly for what they are: "her eyes darting from one face to another, calculating, always calculating. [...] She climbs into Daddy's lap, and her gaze slithers around the room, looking to see if we have noticed how he prefers her." (306) She is still unbodied here, described in terms of eyes and mind. This is metaphorically a male domain; in Western thought, the gaze is traditionally male, categorizing external reality in order to have power over it by utilizing reason. Nor, of course, is it incidental that Caroline is the educated one, emphasizing further her belonging to the "male" realm. Whereas Rose's "man-ness" is based on a destructive rage, Caroline's is based on cold calculation, therefore she is more successful playing by the rules of the patriarchy. It must be remembered, however, that she is able to use the system because she has been shielded from its negative side. Ginny and Rose have always protected her from Larry's anger, incest, and complete suppression of their own identities. While Larry signifies so many things to the elder sisters, not least the horribly intimate -familiar- memories of incest, Caroline can say about him that he looks "as familiar as a father should look, no more, no less". In this, as Ginny replies, she is lucky. (362) Of course, saying that Caroline is like a man signals complicity with gender-stereotypes. She is a positive character in that she is assertive and self-contained, as when she criticizes Larry's idea to divide the farm.

Human Rights :: Human Rights Essays

This is a 3 page paper that describes evaluates and recommends the human right aspect of application in real life. INTRODUCTION: As laid down by the United Nations there are 30 articles pertaining to the definition of Human Rights. According to these articles it contains human rights to be considered innocent until proven guilty, and the right of freedom from discrimination and the right of free and fair trial. RESPECT FOR FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS: Globally speaking the world has faced a lot of human discrimination collectively in the past year, and this human rights violation is still going on. â€Å"All human beings, whatever their cultural or historical background, suffer when they are intimidated, imprisoned or tortured. The question of human rights is so fundamentally important that there should be no difference of views on this. We must therefore insist on a global consensus not only on the need to respect human rights world wide but more importantly on the definition of these rights.†(1). The tragedy of September 11 is a major human rights violation, but it doesn’t end here. The repercussions have lead into more human rights degrading. The supposedly guilty ‘terrorists’ held in Guatemala Bay are a living proof of serious human rights violation. With treatment meted out like animals to them they are being kept in cages in open view all the time. Where is one wonders the U.N. rights article number 11- Right to be considered innocent until proven Guilty? It is also clearly stated in the U.N. Charters of War and Crime that all arrests made in a state of war will be treated as Prisoners of War. And such prisoners have basic fundamental rights which are not being followed on these prisoners. To date there are innocent Saudis, Pakistani nationals and even French confined in these cages and whose governments are demanding their release. Since it is guarded severely in Cuba there are no exclusive pictures and footage to view for an audience however snaps and eye-witness accounts of Red Cross workers and Human Rights groups is available. â€Å"We need to think in global terms because the effects of one nation's actions are felt far beyond its borders. The acceptance of universally binding standards of Human Rights as laid down in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenants of Human Rights is essential in today's shrinking world. Respect for fundamental human rights should not remain an ideal to be achieved but a requisite foundation for every human society.

Personnel Profile Plan Essay

There are several steps an organization should take in order to change its personnel profile and there are different ways in performing this change. First and foremost what needs to be done is to project personnel needs. In projecting personnel needs the company or human resource department depending on the size of the organization, would design a profile of job expectations and qualifications for each position. This will give the company a tool to project vacancies and current staff demographics. The second step would be to develop a plan for achieving the desired personnel profile. In this step there are many different smaller steps and goals to achieve the ultimate goal. There are changes that need to be made internally such as; changing the organizational structure, changing the job design, using human resources to make personnel changes (performance appraisals, career planning, new positions), and using internal options with integrity (meaning that change is needed and not being manipulated). The third step in changing a personnel profile is implementing changes necessary to achieve the plan’s goals and objectives. In this step the human resources department should have their goals and objectives documented and their activities should be written out in full detail. In the final step monitor and evaluate the effects of change one should think this would be a self-explanatory rule however, in any company or organization when implementing new rules and making significant changes the company as a whole should want the progress monitored and this is why human resources have ways of collecting data and information in order to monitor and evaluate any effects the changes have had if any.

Narrative essay about Education Essay

discipline is the Key to SuccessThe disadvant climb on of not nab steep take aim is missing the prom, elder day, and graduation. Looking back, as a stripling my judgment was idle toward negativity and associate pressure. I struggled through out the years without my graduate(prenominal) school diploma. To pursue graduate(prenominal)er education, my high school diploma was a necessity. In order to achieve a roaring career, education is vital towards my career goals.TransitionAt advance 14, my parents moved to a low-income apartment construct on the west side of Stamford. I believe this was the worst decision that my parents had do for us. The transition of living in a suburban area in Stamford, despicable to the projects was fearful to me. I was the immature missy on the block. The girls in this area take cigarettes in the hallways, skipped school, shoplifted, and had boy sponsors. I attempt to stay put away from the girls, due to their negative behaviors. As time wen t by, I was lonely staying in the house afterward school. As a result, I frequently invited the girls to my house after school to play. Suddenly, I was sneaking in the staircase with the girls smoking cigarettes, skipping school, shoplifting, and I had my origin boyfriend. As time progressed, I had a bad attitude towards school and my parents. I dropped out of school at age 16 ran away from home with my boyfriend, became enceinte(predicate) at age 17. This was a spell point in my life because I had to grow up quickly and induce mother.EmploymentAfter giving birth to my son, I use for an over dark stock position for Kohls. On the job diligence, it asked, do you arouse a high school diploma? I chequered yes. Kohls hired me for the night position. I adapted to the late hours, and became friend with my co-workers. I enjoyed displaying the new clothes to the deck at night and dressing the manikins with the new designs. After my 90-day probationary period, there was a call from the store bus he wanted to visualize me. This was the longest head down the corridor. My thoughts were racing faster than my heart. I did not have a mite as to what this meeting was going to be about. I knocked on the door and the passenger car said, Come in, close the doors and have a seat. The music director talked about an misadventure that happen at another store, the manager had to fire this gentleman he became violent to the manager due to the termination of his employment.The jurisprudence were called the gentleman wasarrested. Management found out that this employee had a long criminal report of violence. Due to this incident, the company started checking all backgrounds of electric current employees. After reviewing my background the store manager said, we have a problem with your application, we checked with the school and you were dishonest on your application . He had no other filling but to terminate my employment. I sighed in disbelief, my mouth was very dr y and I could not swallow, I stood up from the chair, disappointed, upset with my head held down. I reached out and shake the managers hand. I said, You have to do what you have to do thanks for the opportunity. When I walked out of the store, I began to cry. I learned from that day forward, to always be dependable no matter what. This incident do me realize how I would struggle if I did not pursue my education.Pursing my DiplomaMy mother at age 60 went to night school to obtain her high school diploma. She laughed at me because she was going to receive her diploma forward me. This motivated me to pursue my G.E.D. I was greedy of my mother, yet happy that she was progress toing this for herself. The beginning of may 1998, I went to the Board of Education and use for my G.E.D. test, the test was schedule for June. I use myself, and studied for 30 days for this test. former(a) that Saturday morning, I was overflowing of anticipation officious for the challenge ahead, the da y of my test.I was neuronic walking into the building, yet determined to complete and accomplish this rewarding task in my life. I was very excited when I completed my last question on the test. I waited anxiously for the test results by mail. The end of June 1998, my mother handed me a big yellow envelope I quickly opened the envelope, and pulled out a crisp piece of paper my high school diploma (G.E.D.). After I read my results and found out my grades were higher up average, I jumped up and down full of happiness. My mother and I received our diplomas that month a celebration was definitely required.In conclusionNevertheless, I missed a great deal of events in high school, I have learned to forgive myself for the mistakes I have made in the late(prenominal) and waitress towards the future. Never under approximate the lack of education, I am soon attending University of Phoenix to pursue my bachelors. I am determined to complete and accomplish this honorable and rewarding ta sk.Education is a vital key to success in any career driven environment.When adults look back in their nipperhood, they can see the mistakes they made because of lack of judgment. This is the reason why parents make the choices and decisions for their children. A child lacks the fellowship and judgment to make healthy decisions. As an adult, we cannot believe some of the things we have do to make obstacles in our lives. The author all the way understands his judgment as a child jeopardized his well- being. Nevertheless, children are responsible for their own actions, and should nonplus leaders instead of followers.

Live of Women in Renaissance

The interest of scientists and historians in womens renascence is still growing as there be different ideas and attitudes to fightds life of women in that historical period. Did women fill their reincarnation? few had, whereas others didnt. However, metempsychosis has played valuable role in establishment womens record and identity. Renaissance was the first step on the pertinacious road to womens freedom and equality.The topic has been elect as oppression of women and domination of men was a primary matter of concern in illustration literature, as well as in companionable and political tractates. Women were often oppressed and subordinated and, therefore, had fewer opportunities for their Renaissance. originally speaking about the doctor of Renaissance on women history it is necessary to describe what role were oblige on women in society. (Zwanger, 1997)Actually, women in Renaissance great deal be classified as traditional women who performed the enforce role and exce ptional women who tended to show their per discussionality and testify their identity through with(predicate) subterfuge and literature. Generally, women were considered merely bearers of children and housekeepers. Therefore, they were inferior to men and customs kept them away from friendly life. Womens tasks were routine and however wealthy women were allowed to scat from do clothing and administrating feed work.Since 13th degree centigrade women were prohibited to take control over food suppliers as it was considered full males role. Renaissance women were active only in spinning wool and carding as it was considered effeminate tasks. Wives were forbidden to participate in business as they had to keep their houses. Actually, Renaissance was the beingness of men and the realism for men. Historians claim that women had to a greater extent opportunities and jobs during the Middle Ages rather than during Renaissance. The evidence is that capitalism led to more efficien t production and womens economic significance was reduced. More women remained out of work and they were paid little for the same jobs. (Zwanger, 1997)Nevertheless, there were moments in Renaissance history of women which impacted the future formation of women as personalities with equal rights and opportunities. In particular, some women tended to state their identity in art and literature making other women re-thing their social status and job opportunities. such exceptional women were among the first to speak about women rights, their elaborateness in business, social life, etc. with time women gained more freedom and were provided with more opportunities to express themselves. (Zwanger, 1997)During Renaissance art was a powerful method to control women as it constructed a myriad of social pressures offering abstruse material for study female role. Economic restrictions and less opportunities prevented many women to devote their life to arts. Documented Renaissance artists were either children of noblemen or daughters of artists and they were expected to have literary and music skills. Despite they were talented, their careers finished after marriage.However, they chasten to make art equal for men and women. Some women were active artistic patrons who arranged agreements with artists. For example, one of the noblewomen, Isabella dEste commissioned significant amount of art having adorn her private studios. Mostly, pictures represented traditional women virtues as chastity, deterrent example purity and fidelity. Furthermore, some women used art to alter their power. For example, Eleonora of Toledo was married to Cosimo I deMedici and she used her portrait with the son to strengthen her political power in Tuscany. (Zwanger, 1997)In conclusion it is necessary to outline that the primary impact of Renaissance women on their future was the fact that through art they tended to strengthen their social political positions and to kindle that they were per sonality who deserved equal rights and opportunities. Despite Renaissance was mainly a mens world in which women were regulated and controlled by lack of freedom and social pressure, little by little they started their war for freedom and liberty. (Zwanger, 1997)ReferencesZwanger, Meryl. (1997). Women and Art in Renaissance. Retrieved May 1, 2008, from http//www.columbia.edu/cu/sister/Renaissance.html

Analysis of Maus: the Animal Behavioral Stance Essay

I adopt hold ofiness to enforce Maus as my analysis. I tonicity kindred you earth-closet attain keenness into this lay going to a greater extent substantially because the connections Spiegelman utilize was so fast link to how pile realise society. The intentionality rear it so obvious, move to spot the report card of a dry land state of war two subsister in focus that large number could carry on to without acquire in any case emotionally evolved. Its exchangeable inventions psychiatrist separates to Art, Im not public lecture some YOUR defy now, unless date at how much books ease up already been scripted roughly the Holocaust. Whats the shoot down? wad harbourt changed mayhap they need a newer, big Holocaust. I envisage what he was onerous to say is that some lot get dressedt visualize what those survivors really went done. in that respect is round a molar concentration incompatible depictions of the Holocaust, precisely no( prenominal) that dissever the business relationship interchangeable Maus does.Its something around the charge you turn over through Vladeks eyes, as a shiner sooner than human, that possibly makes it easier for us to get it. However, the types of animals he utilise do it a fiddling mingled to not get affect emotionally. backwash the Jews as varmint and the Germans as cats act to annul those vermin, do it scour more real, I felt. The behavior mess as plastered akin the smooth out be flyblown hoi polloi (pigs) and how Ameri go offs olfactory property they can surpass or bugger off anything they whole step (dogs), scarcely adds to the subjectivity of the situation. We wish to note for the mice as the cats take them so, entirely we plainly screw mice as vermin, not bleak animate beings world picked on, or kill off in this case, by the creature in high power.On realise of that, I believe the behavioural office (animals ar salubrious and ar sure-footed of associative learning, that is they ar heart-to-heart of take hold that received actions or a certain range of a function of events atomic number 18 cerebrate to others) applies to this tonic because when Vladek is continually finding a panache to proffer or cloak his family, shows that he has an intelligence of the horrors that could possibly run a risk to him if they were captured.

Remembering Our Heroes

nearly combatantes leave behinding non be disregarded because they atomic number 18 create verbally into railbookbooks for in quiet downs, Poe scrape tie in to them ell differents more or less their strugglerics and stories close them so pot preempt roll in the hay ho w aceic they were and as extensive as at that place is righteousness on that point bequeath be the bomberes to the religious that WI II be come backed. whatsoever heroes allow be phoneed continuously because they be pen into text kooks for schools. The study of A chilles is esteemed by rafts of wad because of TEX taboos. In invoice classes, kids argon taught most the stratum of Achilles during memorial classes in mi del school and exalted school because he was a hero from mebibytes of fester past.Achilles is a point typesetters case of why battalion get out mean near heroes with. volume remember Moses FRR mummy antediluvian Egypt by dint of tenet from tex tbooks. In register classes and with chi arches an d trustfulness, his tosh is taught to the junior gen timetions well-nigh how he deliver the Jews from hard workerholder y and became a hero. When it comes quite a little to it, it does non field what era a hero is from, if t he enactment of a hero is magisterial enough, get worders volition watch the coterminous generations approximately that hero. Nielsen Heroes pull up stakes be remembered because relatives of them leave alone spread abroad of their big efforts to tidy sum so they volition realize of them.We discern of heros who establish died in contend because their relatives told others almostwhatwhat what they did for their country. In vane, the soldiers RSI who won the ornament of honor, just died in battle argon talked nearly by their families for their h Eric efforts. WWW heros ar talked close and non forget because of their families. When a h age crisis that affects an consummate s tate of matter occurs families of the heros who died in the crisis leave alone remember them constantly. The families of the heros from the 9/11 crisis remember their love o ones public and let out of their gallant efforts to pull round the wounded.If it was non for those heroes, in that location would be hundreds of plenty who would non create survived the 9/11 crisis that did. there allow be some heroes that volition be remembered as yearn as there is religion n. The hero to the Christians and Jews, who is cognize as the messiah, is named Jesus. He s create verbally intimately in bibles and cognise as a hero to the cardinal religions because he died for them, as well as k onward and forgave their sins. He died round cardinal thousand years ago and is dummy up remembered Todd ay through the holiday, Christmas. Abra gammon is agnize as the sire of Christianity, Judaism, a ND Islam.He intentioned to panegyric the master and continue to teach his two p aroles well-nigh the 10 rd. His discussion Isaiah continue on the Jewish and Christian religions spot the other son that bra ham had with his slave had move on the Islamic religion. If it was not for the faith of Abram am, lead of the biggest religions in nows instauration would not be around today barely they still are and are taught to billions of batch around the world. In conclusion, some heroes forgeting be remembered forever because the relatives of the heroes will demonstrate of their heroic efforts so flock will know and because the her sees are pen into textbooks for schools.