Programmable Logic Controller Essay Example for Free

Programmable Logic Controller EssayTo respond to these phenomenal changes, we introduce the here and now edition of Programmable Controllers Theory and Implementation. This second edition, like the first, provides a comprehensive theoretical, yet practical, look at all aspects of PLCs and their associated devices and systems. However, this version goes one step further with newfound chapters on advanced PLC topics, such(prenominal) as I/O bus networks, fuzzy logic, the IEC 1131-3 programming standard, process control, and PID algorithms.This new edition also presents revised, up-to-date information about be topics, with expanded graphics and new, hands-on examples. Furthermore, the new layout of the bookwith features like two-tone graphics, key terms lists, well-defined headings and sections, callout icons, and a revised, expanded glossary makes the information presented even easier to understand. This new edition has been a labor-intensive learning experience for all those complex. As with any task so large, we could never have done it alone.Luis Bryan holds a unmarried man of Science in Electrical plan degree and a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering degree, both from the University of Tennessee. His major areas of expertise are digital systems, electronics, and computer engineering. During his graduate studies, Luis was involved in some(prenominal) projects with national and international governmental agencies. Luis has extensive experience in the field of programmable controllers. He was involved in international marketing activities, as well as PLC applications development, for a major programmable controller manufacturer.He also worked for a consulting firm, providing market studies and companyspecific consultations about PLCs. Furthermore, Luis has effrontery lectures and seminars in Canada, Mexico, and South America about the uses of programmable controllers. He continues to teach seminars to industry and government entities, inclu ding the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Luis is an active member of several professional organizations, including the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the IEEEs instrument and computer societies.He is a senior member of the Instrument Society of America, as well as a member of Phi Kappa Phi honor society and Eta Kappa Nu electrical engineering honor society. Luis has coauthored several other books about programmable controllers. E RIC B RYAN Eric Bryan graduated from the University of Tennessee with a bachelor-at-arms of Science in Electrical Engineering degree, concentrating in digital design and computer architecture. He received a Master of Science in Engineering degree from the Georgia Institute of Technology, where he participated in a special computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) program.Erics specialties are industrial automation methods, flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), and artificial intelligence. He is an recommen d of artificial intelligence implementation and its application in industrial automation. Eric worked for a leading automatic laser inspection systems company, as well as a programmable controller consulting firm. His industrial experience includes designing and implementing large inspection systems, along with developing PLC-based systems. Eric has coauthored other publications about PLCs and is a member of several professional and proficient societies.

Multi-Layered Security Plan Essay Example for Free

Multi-Layered Security Plan EssayProtecting sensitive or confidential info is predominant in many businesses. In the event such information is made public, businesses may face legal or financial ramifications. At the very least, they result suffer a loss of customer trust. In most cases, however, they can recover from these financial and other losses with appropriate investment or compensationHaving information of different certificate levels on the same computer systems poses a real threat. It is not a straight-forward matter to isolate different information trade protection levels, even though different users log in using different accounts, with different permissions and different access controls (Red Hat, Inc. 2006).Below I have listed the IT infrastructure of Richman Investments on with recommendations in each infrastructure on levels of security that should be implemented for a more secure network.IT Infrastructure Affected1. User Domain The pack who access an organ izations information system.* The first thing that should be implemented is a mandatory Computer Security training session to get up the users on the proper use of work computers.2. Workstation Domain Users (most) connecting to the IT infrastructure.* The workstation domain comes with its own problems such as unauthorized access to the system, the way to fix this problem would be to implement access policies and guidelines.3. LAN Domain A collection of computers connected to one another or to a common connection medium.* Implement sulphur or third level identity check to gain access to sensitive systems, applications, and date. Keep all hardware in a secure post with access only with proper ID.4. LAN-to-WAN Domain Link between the Wide Area Network (WAN) and the Internet.* Conduct post configuration penetration tests of the layered security solution within the LAN-to-WAN Domain. Test inbound and outbound traffic and fix any gaps. Also, apply e-mail server and attachments antiviru s and e-mail quarantining for unknown file types. bump domain-name Web site access based on content-filtering policies.5. WAN Domain Wide Area Network (WAN) connects remote locations to the Local Area Network (LAN).* encrypt confidential data transmissions through service provider WAN using VPN tunnels.6. Remote penetration Domain Connects remote users to the organizations IT infrastructure.* Remote Access Domain, Being that the users are off site it is hard to say that the users password information has not been compromised. In such cases when abnormalities are spotted or data is accessed without proper authorization, data should be completely encrypted to prevent any sensitive materials from being sold or presented to the open market.7. System/Application Domain- Holds all the mission-critical systems, applications, and data.* bring out a business continuity plan for mission-critical applications providing tactical steps for maintaining availability of operations. Perform regu lar rigorous software and Web-application testing and penetration testing front to launch.

How are bodies socially constructed

How are bodies socially wee-weeedIt is crucial to gain an understanding of what social construction is, in value to assess its influence on tender bodies. However it is difficult to operationalise social construction in literal terms. Social construction encompasses a multitude of elements, Hacking (2002) notes, social construction is a kettle of legion(predicate) very different kinds of fish. Typically except, social construction is concerned with the ways in which nightclub has conceptualised bringing close togetherls and expectations, imageing at this in relation to specific areas of sociological interest. For sociologist when looking at the embody their main concern is with the bidding of transforming a biological entity through social action Chris Shilling (2003).Members of a society construct their bodies in ways that comply with their gender status and accepted notions of masculinity and femininity. That is, they try to shape and use their bodies to conform to thei r cultures or racial ethnic groups expectations. (Lorber and Martin 2005)This adjudicate will look at the ways in which the body is a social construction, with particular focus on the extent in which individuals in society are willing to perform to socially constructed ideals. It is authoritative to recognise that social construction of the body is a global phenomenon however this essay will look at westernised social construction of the body in particular.By looking primarily at the social construction of femininity, a subject which has typically been theorised extensively when looking at the body, an attempt will then be made to look at the social construction of masculinities and the aging body, in relation to the manifold role that societys expectations have to play.The body is often seen as something which is straightforwardly biological, natural and given. (Macionis and Plummer, 2005). Unsurprisingly different types of bodies rouse be seen in terms of shapes, sizes and phys ical build however there is an increasing notion of what aesthetically is socially acceptable, with women in the media industry in particular being promoted in a certain way. In monied Western societies, slenderness is generally associated with happiness, success, youthfulness and social acceptability (Grogan, 1999). This notion could be said to have largely conferd to the fact that, increasingly, women are dissatisfied with their bodies. For Grogan (1999), media, as an industry, depicts the ideology that slenderness is preferred. This factor no doubt, has impacted the rise in eating disorders and womens willingness to have cosmetic surgery in modern times, in order to fit such ideals of slenderness which are conceptualised in magazines and television programmes. In western culture dieting, breast enhancement and face-lifts are ways that women have changed their expression to fit ideals of feminine beauty (Kivisto, 2005)Grimlin (2000) looks negatively at the role of cosmetic surg ery, as a multi-million pound industry, with the notion that womens bodies are treated as commodities, ornamental surgery stands, for many theorists and social critics, as the ultimate symbol of invasion of the human body for the sake of physical beauty.(Grimlin 2000). This view could be criticized, in the idea that many women who choose to have surgery, rather than to fit in with social constructions and therefore demands of society, do so in order to express their own personalised individualism and identity, perhaps advocating their rights of freedom to adapt their own body if it pleases them to do so. Featherstone and Turner (2001) note Bodies have become the ultimate vehicle for writing ones identity. this looks at anything from the clothes and makeup an individual wears, to self decoration through tattoos, piercings and cosmetic surgery. It is questionable to what extent women self decorate in order to fit the uninspired views of social expectations of what is beautiful, or to oppose these views of conventional invitingness, both however implicitly relate to the body as a social construction, either in a way that conforms to, or rebels against ideas of socially constructed beauty.Sexuality is closely linked with that of the fe antheral body, with socially constructed expectations of sexual femininity, Women are expected to be nuturant and emotionally giving, willing to quash their own desires to please men and their own interests to take care of children, Therefore womens bodies should be yielding and sexually appealing to men when they are young and plumpy paternal when they are older. (Kivisto 2005). This mass of generalizations, and assumptions, (that women are heterosexual, that all women want children, that women will forget about their own pleasures to please men), highlights the typical socially constructed views of western culture. It is therefore important to notice a change in womens sexual role through feminist ideas which reflect a moder nized culture, with a new type of womanhood emerging in the 21st century. Through promoting sexual autonomy, feminists attempt to, advocate womens control of their sexuality and reproduction. (Macionis and Plummer 2005), making their bodies less socially constructed to please manful expectation.It is kindle to look at the social construction of the body in relation to the process of aging, as commonly, especially in traditional thesis, the bodily aging process has been referred to as a biological one, without consideration of its social relevance,Popular stereotypes about old people, usually centered around the inevitability of old age and its reflectivity as physical decrepitude from which culture irrelevance could be inferred. Old age was therefore out-side the social because it was an essentially biological process. (Tulle-Winton 2000).With this in mind, Christopher A. Faircloth (2003) looks explicitly at the social construction of the aging process on peoples bodies. Reinser ting that older bodily images are ones which are to be looked at with equal importance to younger women. Faircloth (2003), gives a detailed examination of the sexual attractiveness of older aged women (than that which is traditionally conceptualised in the media), concluding that there need to be seen as sexually attractive is still of extreme signifi send wordce. Faircloth looks at the visual delegacys of older women through the realms of film and photography for example, with specific reference to a loss of sexuality in the representation of the older generation in society. Similarly Itzin (1986) states, Rarely are women portrayed as capable and independent, never as sexually attractive, (with the word women in this case, referring specifically to that of older women). Itzin notes that societies construction of what is sexually attractive is rarely looked at in relation to that of the older generation.When looking at the social constructions of femininity and the aging process, i t can be seen that menopause is often reflected which considerable negativity, with the term being one which has connotations of a loss of sexuality and the idea that a noticeable change on the youthfulness of a womens body can be seen. These socially constructed misconceptions, suggest that the menopause directly affects a womens body, creating wrinkles and bodily sagging, which biologically is not the case (Winterich 2003). In a bid to maintain the socially constructed body which is considered attractive, characteristically one of youthfulness, merchandise, such as hair colouring products, anti-wrinkle creams and an increased number cosmetic surgeries can be seen to be endorsed by the older generation, (Craig Thompson 1995).Traditionally much theoretical focus on the social constructions of body, has been on that of femininity however the social constructions of masculinity can be considered similarly,western societies expect men to be aggressive initiators of action and protector s of women and children, therefore their bodies should be muscular and physically strong, increasingly Men flavor weights, get hair transplants, and undergo cosmetic surgery to mould their bodies and faces to a masculine ideal (Kivisto 2005)This observation of men in the 21st century shows masculinity of the body to be concerned with that of aesthetic pride in a similar way to women, however there is less pressure on the male community to fit the mould of these constructed ideals.A modernised new man is also represented to fit the ideas of social construction, with the coinage of the phrase heterosexual male to highlight the increased notion of male grooming as acceptable in society.Inevitably this essay only looks at a small spectrum of the features that contribute to the body as a social construction, however a lot can be seen on how the body is effected by the views of society, a body which conclusively is not only biologically constructed but also socially.

8 Step Process For Leading Change

8 Step Process For Leading ChangeKotter notes that many companies often overlook this do by when they argon in their travel in making plans or take action for the organization to takes place. He stated that close to 50% of the companies that fail to break take awayed interpolate make their mistakes at the start. Leaders frequently undermine the importance of driving people out from their comfort zone or cosmos complacent with their current succeeder or even creation careless in developing an appropriate urgency.According to Kotter (2012), if this step is successfully executed, leaders will obtain an accurate attitude benchmark that would determine whether the state of the organization isComplacency- occurs whether the organization is at the top of their market or facing bankruptcy, usually when everyone thinks Everything is fine.False urgency- People are alert with their work but all their efforts produce nothing, in fact may ca habit burnout instead.True urgency- People ar e aware of the potential hazards and make use of all the opportunities to be productive and make progress.Guaranteed to fail- It started by the poorly thought out in the initial step. Leaders failight-emitting diode to appeals the peoples heart, only their head.Guaranteed to succeed- Leaders successfully betoken for the heart of people and able to connect the deepest values and inspire them to greatness. This leads to the success of the organizational budge.2. Creating the Guiding CoalitionThis step involves the exponent of leaders to assemble a group with enough power to lead the channel effort and encourage them to work as a team. Placing people together in the redress spinal fusion to lead a change initiative is crucial to its success. It is necessary that the coalition to have the correct structure, substantial level of trust, and a shared objective.Complex organizations are forced to make decisions more quickly even though concrete information is not available due to th e rapid changing world. It is evident that it is up to leaders and teams to orchestrate the relevant decision that will help the organization to stay sustainable.The development of the level of trust will stick the team together that helps them to be well functioned. Due to the rapid change, team building has to happen quickly. Developing the right team and combining them with the right level of trust with a shared goal in which the team believes can result in a compelling guiding coalition that will take the organization to the right organizational change.Kotter (2012) states that the right team as a whole should reflect the following four qualitiesPosition Power- the battlefront of underlying players will drive the change progress without any obstruction.Expertise- All relevant points of view should be collected to produce inform intelligent decisions.Credibility- People should be aware of the group presence and respect them so that the groups declarations will be taken serious ly.Leadership- Qualified leaders essential present to be able to drive the change process.3. Developing a Change VisionThis step pushes the leaders to create a vision to set the direction of the change effort and develop strategies for achieving the vision.A vision mustiness be able to offer genuine guidance, flexible yet focused and easy to comprehend. It insires action and guide that action. According to Kotter (2012), effective visions must have these vi key characteristicsImaginable Able to portray the future state of the organisationDesirable attract to the long term interest of the organizational stakeholders.Feasible found of realistic and achievable goals.Focused clear enough to set the direction in decision making.Flexible permit entities to take initiative and implement option responses in changing environment.Communicable easy to communicate and can be explained quickly.4. Communicating the Vision for Buy-inThis step involves ensuring that everyone in the team unders tands and accept the vision strategy. Kotter (2012) emphasizes that in communicating the vision for the change, the vision should beSimple easy to understandVivid able to illustrate to future stateRepeatable easy to be spread by anyone to anyoneInvitational Has the ability to offer two way talk5. Empowering Broad-based ActionIn this step, leaders are required to remove obstacles to change, change systems or structures that detrimental to the vision and promote risk taking and non-traditional ideas, actions and activities.The two main barriers areStructural BarriersIn many cases, the internal structures of organisations contradicts the change vision. For example, a customer focused organisations usually lacks of resources and responsibilities for products and services and a low cost organization that claims to aim for high productivity often have large procedure of staff that is costly to maintain. Therefore, Kotter (2012) states that it is necessary to realigning incentives and pe rformance appraisals to reflect the change vision to obtain the profound effect on the ability to accomplish the change vision.The slaying of Management Information system can help to suppress the problems by keeping the internal stakeholders informed with the competitive information and market analysis in a quick and effective manner.Troublesome SupervisorsIn many companies, managers will have some(prenominal) interrelated habits that shape the company culture which often limits the ability for the change to takes place. Kotter (2012) explains that this issue can be quite challenging and often in the attempt of removing this barrier, the results can be demeaning.6. Generating Short- term winsIn this step, leaders need plan for achievements that can easily be made visible, follow-through with those achievements and recognize and reward employees who were involved. To obtain desirable results, short term wins must be two visible and not vague. The end achievement must be linked to the change effort. However, short term wins tends to undermine the credibility of cynics and self-serving resistors (Kotter, 2012)7. Never permit UpThis step includes the use of increased credibility to change systems, structures and policies that do not fit the vision, also comprises hire, promote and develop employees who can implement the vision, and in the long run strengthen the process with new projects, themes, and change agents.The main challenge for change is resistance and it always present even if the change process runs smoothly from the betimes stages. People may even celebrate the short term success and suggest taking a break to enjoy the victory before the process finishes.Kotter (2012) mentions several changes must occur by this stepPresence of additional projects.Extra people being brought to assist the change.Leaders focused on crowing clarity to an aligned vision and shared purpose.Managers successfully motivated employees at all levels to lead projects.A redu ction in interdependencies between sectors.Maintain a high level of urgencyConsistently showing the progress of change.8. Incorporating Change into the CultureThe last step requires leaders to articulate the connections between the new behaviors and organizational success and develop the means to underwrite leadership development and succession. Leaders must successfully planted the new practice in the culture and ensure that every individuals in the company is indoctrinated into the culture.IKEA Leadership Profile and Kotter 8 StepAccording to a study done by Ingholt Rasidovilc (2008) Kotters 8 step processes has revealed several errors that occurs in the organization. They conducted a survey that involves the total management team and several most experienced co-workers. They were given the same questionnaires to see how the solidarity between them in regards to the change process.The result of the survey shows the evident of good sign of leadership in one of the departments, as characterized by Kotter (1996). Many respondents asserted that good leaders must be the source of encouragement and engage their co-workers (Ingholt Rasidovilc, 2008). This has shown that this model is a reasonably good model for IKEA due to the 67 points earned from the survey, for one of the departments, in being good at communicating change initiatives in a vivid manner (Ingholt Rasidovilc, 2008). The score for the decisiveness of their leaders however is pretty low, only 49 points. This signifies their inability to handle conflicts, which is one of the key weaknesses that stop changes in management from occurring. Furthermore, they also discovered that the lowest values in the survey are in the main five areas namely co-worker trust development, implementation of decisions, communication about the future, co workers involvement in planning and the ability to handle conflicts. The tons obtained in these areas range from 34 to 46, which are relatively low based on the maximum score. To conclude, this department is proven to have strength in being supportive but weak when it comes to decision making. The presence of indecisiveness explains the origin inability to handle conflict and the character of being supportive leads to the development of unsuspicious relationship between workers (Ingholt Rasidovilc, 2008).The other department however, showed their key strength in their decisiveness and weakness in communication about the future. Another set of criteria showed the key strength in the ability to handle conflicts but weak in the co-workers involvement in planning. In comparison to the general grading result in IKEA, these results are fairly good. Thus the association in this department is that managers in this department are decisive enough to overcome the conflicts but weak in communication about the future which explains the poor involvement of the co workers in the process. In addition, the two departments gave an overall average score of 84.7 in regards to their leadership performance.Ingholt Rasidovilc (2008) states the remnant for each department in accordance to Kotters implementation model. The workers in Department 1 felt that the necessity of change was not well communicated which leads to resistance. This is confirmed by Kotters most common error in the first step High level of complacency which undermines urgency, which is often caused by lack of communication. The worker also did not feel the presence of a leader which explains the error in the second step lack of a powerful, guiding coalition. Furthermore, lack of vision communication has led to error in step three. In Department 2 on the other hand, the co-workers perceived the vision and strategy being communicated to individuals. It is possible that the strong communication among the workers has reduced the presence of resistance.RecommendationCommunication is very crucial in conducting change management. Leaders are ought to be able to keep the workers well informed and create an understanding while also create opportunities to get them involved in the process. Leaders must also be able to identify the call for throughout the process. By doing this, the right leader can be identified and will create the best possible opportunity for the department to develop. Lastly, it is also main(prenominal) to make decisions based on what was informed and needed besides ensuring that they are being implemented.ReferenceIngholt, L. T. Rasidovic, M., 2008, Change Management-A research at IKEA of Sweden- Power Resistance, Vaxio University.Kotter, J., 1996. Leading change, capital of Massachusetts Harvard Business School Press.Kotter (2012), J., 2012, The 8-Step Process for Leading Change, Kotter (2012) International, accessed on 9 January 2013 http//www.Kotter (2012)international.com/our-principles/changesteps

History of US Federalism

History of US FederalismKhang LeIn the US organization, we hit a organisation of checks and balances. With this system, the goernment and the separate leges can counter each other and maintain a balance of kings. It ensures that no branch of government becomes as well strong and takes over another branch. In other words, this maintains a balance of powers. They become balanced because they can keep the other branches in check and they wholly scram their own set of powers and responsibilities. The purpose of the checks and balances system is to make sure that democracy is upheld and that decisions made by the government work for everyone in the US. When the US government as we know today was universe formed, the founding fathers decided that it would be best to split the government into three entities. The judicial branch is the Supreme motor hotel and they oversee the determination of whether a police force or policy is constitutional. By constitutional, I mean that the s aid policy or police is within the expound of the Constitution. The reason why the Supreme Court must(prenominal) do this is because Thomas Jefferson made it so that the interpretation of the Constitution was loose-ended, meaning that it would be up to the settle to deem it constitutional. If it was not loose-ended, thusly that would mean the judges would have to adhere exigently to the Constitution and go word for word to interpret that law or policy. The next branch is the executive branch. The executive branch is the president himself. He is the commander-in-chief of the army. During clocks of war, the president will oversee the manpower of the army. He has the power to saddle new justices, which are the supreme court judges. further he can only do so with the approval of the Senate. He some quantifys drafts new bills so that it can become laws by the next year. He also has the power to veto a bill passed by relation. Vetoing is the power to overrule a law and repudiate it from universe a law. This however can be overturned by carnal knowledge. Congress belongs in the legislative branch. They are the tidy sum that come up with new procedures and laws to be passed. If for some reason the president vetoes their bill the first time, they can overrule it by having a second vote and having over two-thirds of Congress vote in favor of the bill. Sometimes, when there is a stalemate, a tie between votes, the vice president become the tiebreaker. There have been very a couple of(prenominal) occasions where the Vice President had to come in to break a tie. The most recent one being President Trumps Vice President. Now, once a bill has passed and becomes a law, it is then tested by the citizens of the linked secernates. When someone believes that the law is unjust, they are whollyowed the right to file a lawsuit. The lawyers then make arguments for the field of study and a judge will preside the hearings. If they lose, they can appeal to higher cour ts and may eventually reach the Supreme Court. In the case where the legislative branch does not find the ruling of the Supreme Court to be favorable, they can propose a new bill and then the process starts all over again. Congress, namely the Senate, also are the ones in charge of approving treaties with other countries. The president may be the face of the country but he doesnt have all the power. The principle behind these branches of government is that with separation of powers, not one part of the democratic government has too much power and they keep each other in check. This kind of checks and balances are applicable to constitutional governments. The media plays a huge role in the political process, especially if there was a misdoing on behalf of the government. With the arrival of social media and a wide variety of ship canal to attain news, the political process is under more scrutiny than ever. The only problem would be that how much the government censors or covers up. B ecause of that, sometimes the people become unaware of how laws work or that there could be loopholes in laws.Federalism is the manner the United States is being run. Every single one of the rural areas in the US shares a relationship with the guinea pig government. Basically, the federal government has a set of laws that need to be abided by. The state governments can give the laws to the extent that they believe is correct. For example, in some states, people can enter bars at the age of eighteen whereas in others, you must be twenty-one to do so. This system was created in this way to govern large and diverse nations. Not all areas can be governed the same, which is why federalism helps gives power to the states but the central government can still stay in power because it serves as a starting point for the states to follow. Before the United States became what, it is today, it was a confederation. While it was a confederation, the central government was weak and had almost n o power, meaning that it had no way of providing itself with money and no military strength. While the states had all the power, the lacked a unified system and couldnt get their ideas together and could not be cohesive. After federalism kicked in, while the central government could impose laws and taxes onto the states, the states themselves can do what they axiom fit and in accordance to the law. A bicameral Congress with the House of interpreters and a Senate also help to distribute the power from the states and central government. Because it is a substitute system, the people are closer to the government and it makes for an efficient voting process because there are m whatever opinions and it usually doesnt take too much time to vote. Both the concepts of dual federalism and concerted federalism have originated in the USA. Dual federalism is referred to as layer cake due to the existence of distinct wall between powers and responsibilities of national governments and that of state governments. Cooperative federalism is referred to as marble cake. Dual federalism has horizontal power organize between national and state governments whereas cooperative federalism has a vertical structure between the two. In dual federalism, national government and state governments enjoy sovereignty in their respective fields. No such(prenominal) thing exists in cooperative federalism. Dual federalism is a rigid structure where at cooperative federalism is a flexible structure. Dual federalism promotes competition and tension cooperative federalism promotes cooperation.The third section I am expiry to discuss is about the Civil Rights, the two Amendments that I am going to discuss are Amendment IV ( Search And Arrests ), it says The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and pa rticularly describing the mark to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Basically, the police officer, in aim to make a lawful arrest, must have a warrant in order to do so. If he doesnt have a warrant then it will be considered unlawful arrest and search. In order to get a warrant, the police officer must have evidence or probable cause that supports it. The police officer, or whoever has the evidence, must swear that it is true to his or her knowledge. The second Amendment that Im going to discuss is the fifth Amendment. It says No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or bill of indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger, nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of vitality or limb, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against hi mself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or prop, without due process of law nor shall private home be taken for public use, without just compensation. As it was in 1791, the Fifth Amendment continues to be very important today. Americans are protected against being tried repeatedly for the same crime. The government cannot bring you to trial again and again for the same offense, hoping to get the result they want. This means that if you are suspected of committing a crime, its up to the state to prove its case against you. You are innocent until proven guilty, and governmental authorities cannot deprive you of your life, your liberty or your property without following strict legal codes of conduct or due process. The Fifth Amendment also protects private property against a government taking. In 2005 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Kelo v. City of New London that local governments could take private property from one person and transfer that property to a corporate entity with the expectation that the property would become more useful to the public. The ruling drew a sharp dissent from Justice Sandra Day OConnor, who warned that it will allow governments to seize any property simply to allow developers to upgrade it. OConnor wrote, Nothing is to prevent the state from replacing any Motel 6 with a Ritz-Carlton, any home with a shopping mall. Since that decision, several(prenominal) local governments have declared their intent to take peoples homes in order to convert them into office complexes, shopping centers and mega-stores. As local governments continue to search for ways to increase tax revenue, hard-working homeowners must be wary about their homes being taken away. Designating such possessions as necessary for the public use is often a sham, with the desire to increase tax revenues being the real motivation of local governments. Since the Kelodecision, some state legislatures have passed laws which ensure that such possession takings cannot occur. But unless the American public remains educated and focused on preserving this important constitutional right, it, along with their homes, could be taken by the government. The 14th Amendment said exclusively persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Cong ress, the administrator and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the priapic inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. And the last one is The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.For the last section, I think a relevant topic of discussion would be president Trumps pass ban. I believe this is relevant because its political process involves heavily on the president and the Supreme Court. The president may have is sued a policy that bans traveling from seven different countries but the Supreme Court had deemed it unconstitutional and overturned it. This relates to the concept of checks and balances. While the president is going to keep his promise with banning Muslims from submission the country, the Supreme Court is telling him that he is misusing his authority. Many people in the United States are affected by this too. Several families that are refugees are being deported out of the country and back into the dangerous areas. I think this is unjust and selfish of the current president. Simply because a person or a family comes from a certain ethnic group, does not mean that they are automatically connected to the series of terrorisms that have happened in the United States. While most of the high visibility attacks came from Muslims, a lot of terrorist attacks on American soil have been committed by our own countrymen. The news sources that I have read are gravid in their language and are very left-winged. As an immigrant, I also fear for my safety, because if the current president can do as he pleases, then there could be one day where he opens a loophole and I could be his next target. It is a big help knowing that the democratic system still works for the most part. Even though the president may be doing everything in his power to feed his selfish needs, the legislative branch and the judicial branch are there to keep him in check.Bibliographyhttp//www.cfodailynews.com/new-law-changes-form-w-2-filing-deadlines-for-next-year/http//www.infoplease.com/spot/civilrightstimeline1.htmlhttp//www.cnn.com/2014/04/10/politics/civil-rights-act-interesting-facts/http//study.com/academy/lesson/cooperative-federalism-definition-examples.htmlhttps//www.reference.com/government-politics/dual-federalism-198d7baf19c6304fhttp//study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-dual-federalism-definition-examples.htmlhttps//www.reference.com/government-politics/examples-check-balances-b7e5586db201a3d6 https//legaldictionary.net/checks-and-balances/http//valocalgovernment.tripod.com/id34.htmlhttp//www.socialstudieshelp.com/lesson_13_notes.htm

R.V. Keilty :: essays research papers

R. v. KeiltyIn the case R.v.Keilty the incriminate, Keilty, was charged and convicted oftrafficking in narcotics. He then appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada onthe grounds that the trial judge erred in law. The facts in the case were notdisputed but the actual definition of stubbornness under section 2 of theNarcotic Control Act was the issue. The appellant never actually did sell thenarcotics nor did he at anytime have possession. It is illogical to convict a soul of possession when they dont actually have possession as defined in theCriminal Code. Therefore is it logical to convict a person of trafficking ifthere were no narcotics? cap arguments     The actual possession is irrelevant because section 2 of the NarcoticControl Act states that trafficking means (a) to manufacture, sell, give,administer, transport, send, deliver, or distribute, or (b) offer to do anythingreferred to in divide (a) otherwise than under the authority of this Act orthe regulatio n The appellant obviously offered to sell the narcotics to theofficer and as in R.v.Mancuso he should be put in guilty. Also the actualphysical possession is not necessarily needed to be proven as was in R.v.Russowhere the defendant was convicted of possession and trafficking even though hedid not posses at any time the narcotics. In the case R.v.Piscopo it wasdemonstrated that an accused can be convicted upon circumstantial evidence. Theaccused can be convicted using all of the aforementioned cases. Another issueis that if this case becomes precedent it would open a "floodgate" or loopholein the law where other criminals may escape through. This would allow for moredangerous dealers of narcotics, who operate their business "long distance" toescape prosecution because they never actually had the narcotics in theirpossession.Appellant arguments     A person should not be stigmatized by conviction for a criminal offensethey did not actually commit .. The case R.v.Vallancourt illustrates the use ofthe "stigma" test. A person who is convicted of possession should not be alsobranded as a trafficker of narcotics also. Another principle brought to thecourt from the R.v.Vallancourt case is that a crime requires a minimal state ofmental blameworthiness. This means that the person must bear a certain degreeof moral fault for what he did. To convict the accused of trafficking innarcotics when everyone acknowledges that there were no narcotics would seem toviolate this principle. Using the rational connection established in theR.v.Oakes it would appear as if the government of Canada is trying to centertrafficking but if a person who did not posses or sell any narcotics is

How do the authors create atmosphere and tension in The Monkeys Paw Ess

How do the authors create atmosphere and focus in The Monkeys Pawand The Red Room?A ghost level is a story with invention to sc atomic number 18 it usu altogethery builds uptension and suspense by using a lot of intense, exaggerated words.Usually in a ghost story there is a typical dark and gloomy settingand an inhuman object almost always there is a non human push or asupernatural being in the story to give it a scare factor.Supernatural means a power above the forces of nature which impliesthat it is non human. In the time that the two stories were written,the belief in the supernatural was a lot different to those of today.They believed in such things as ghosts and witchcraft where as present tense there are only some believers. This could be because they hadless technology than todays world so we have more evidence to whetherthey are or arent realThe Monkeys Paw is a story about a distant friend who has possessionof a blessed shrivelled monkeys paw that grants three handle es to eachman that obtains it. Every wish comes true but little do they knowthat the wish that they asked for would backfire horrifically killingthere only child.The Red Room is a nonher story that was written in the 19th century.However different to The Monkeys paw this story does not have asupernatural or inhuman power. The story is about a man thats name isnot told and his quest to stay in a supposedly haunted room butunluckily for him, the room possessed a far greater force than spiritsor monsters but the very thing that eats away at a mans emotions-FEARThe authors that wrote these stories use a lot of special techniquesto suck in the consultation scared and fearful afterall the intent of thestory is to scare people. Some o... ... they both playwith your feelings and emotions. Both stories are written with theintent to scare and they do that. Also, they make you feel sad,disgusted and interested. I think that they do this by there powerfuldescriptions. And in which they use l ong and short sentences to buildup the tension and atmosphere before the ending.Whilst studying the two supports I have realise that to write asuccessful horror story you have to use all of the techniques and inmy opinion the most important technique is descriptive language. Whendescribing, you have to use powerful and meaningful words to give aclear optical picture and so the reader is reacting to thedescriptions. I feel that if you have good descriptions theneverything else will follow and if you draw the readers emotions into the book then they will be more scared after the ending scarefactor.