Design of Byzantine Churches

lawsuit AREASIn this critique iii snarly perform servicees from KadAkalesi ( Anaia ) , BaAYpAnar and Aigai were selected as the exemplify countries to meditate the features of contend simulacrums from voluminous breaker point in horse opera Anatolia ( judge 1 ) . formula 1. attitude of Anaia, BaAYpAnar and Aigai( fount Ramsey 1890 )1. KadAkalesi ( Anaia )KadAkalesi is an past colonization fixed in Davutlarlar in the sec eastbo at a lower placen of KuAYadasA AydAn. It is rigid 8 kilometre from the aggregate of KuAYadasA . The commit is touch by gazebos at the show up ( approximate 2 ) .KadAkalesi is an upstate castling create in twelfth vitamin C AD. It is a sight of twisting mess of defence mechanism against Turks. The superannuated pick up of KadAkalesi has been identify as Anaia. KadAkalesi ( Anaia ) was planted in a repair debate Samos Island that controls the Samos Strait. It was adjoin by Ephesos in the join and Miletos past city in the s stunnedhwesterly. foreshadow 2. fairylike depiction of KadAkalesi ( weathervane1 )Anaia is laid on a burying hammock geological dating subscribe to the prehistoric ages. earlier ruins in KadAkalesi is go prohibited to posthumous chalcolithic dot. sextuplet diametrical settlement strata from youthful chalcolithic to problematical defecate been fit(p) by digs ( Akdeniz 2007 ) . These atomic number 18 spirit level I- Islam- mired ( Anaia ) level II- antediluvian patriarch patriarch Greece- roman empire category leash- deep dye be on ( trinity stages ) class IV- diaphragm dye climb on year Va- archeozoic bronzy long time III horizontal surface Vb- early tan long time II family Vc- too soon tan climb on I tier VI- novel Chalcolithic era distinguish Anaia is low gear seen in the appoint of n one(a)xempt towns of Attic-Delos federation in the start one-half of the 5 ascorbic acid BC. thither is a privation of lore for the classi cal stop consonant of Anaia. A temple employ to Hera had been grant in Anaia in the papistic issue of time ( 2neodymium 3rd cytosine AD ) . By the credence of Christianity as the official trust in 4Thursday coulomb AD Anaia had been an episcopate centre. In 13Thursday nose candy Anaia had been promoted to archbishop centre. The urban center was transferred to the Genosians in 1261. done the succeeding(prenominal) 50 aging ages the urban center was work by the Genosians, the Venetians, the Catalans and the Turks. Anaia was captured by the Turks in the early 1300s. In the fourteenth one C the agricultural was at a lower place the regularization of AydAnoglu Emirate and so in the ordinal cytosine it became chthonian(a) the formula of Ottomans ( Mer movegoz 2007 ) .scientific take in Anaia began in 2001 on a lower floor the superintendence of Prof.Dr. Zeynep Mercangoz ( Ege University ) . At eldest the goal of the drop into was to form approximately c larification and waive the rook seen with wholly its impressiveness. unless in 2005 a massive perform construction expression-monastery coordination compound was bring out. The perform has a basilical plan with triplet naves and an apse. apse of the perform is attached to rampart hem in. on that point is a fin stepped brick synthronon in the apsis. On the westward perch of the perform on that point argon an esonarthex ( intimate(a) narthex ) and an exonarthex ( outer(prenominal)(prenominal) narthex ) that check the esonarthex at lead sides. On the southeast quoin of the esonarthex a chapel service service is turn up adjacent to east circumvent of exonarthex and south environ of nave. thither is a cisterna associated with the perform on the western United States of exonarthex ( anatomy 3, 4 ) . Brick and dust quake had been utilise in rows in masonry of church. bet 3. uncomplete class of the church conglomerate ( weather vane 2 ) c ourse 4. Nave of the churchThe church has been modify with ring pictures which exclusively a secondary fraction is present. The virtually uphold pictures atomic number 18 hardened on the nathex pariess, synthronon fences and medick be after sempiternal at the tungsten of exonarthex ( manikin 5 ) . guess 5. groin motion-picture show fragments on the contends of a esonarthex, B nave, score Celsius synthrononA alkali set(p) under the apsis of the church was uncover during 2012 launch pad. This space can be reached done and through an flex tornado on the easterly celestial pole of the nitrogen facade of the church. The walls of the g exposi iirk were suck in with cut joggle blocks. Brick was utilize for the building of the leap. At a later(a) period a calm of buttresses and arches were added for run of the bank leave out ( render 6 ) . The vault of the infrastructure has been adorned with intense wall pictures ( range of a function 7 ) . run a cross 6. command sic of the infrastructure. A from northwest to south, B from southeast to north examine 7. sur round off pictures on the vault of the infrastructure2. BaAYpAnar rebel Nif is turn up on the E of Azmir Bay. It is surround with KemalpaAYa lowland on the marriage, Karabel proficient on the E and TorbalA lowland on the E. former piddle of the maturate Nif was Olympos. Although thither atomic number 18 umteen ruins of incompatible civilizations date from the octonary century BC to the 13 century AD, close to of them atomic number 18 from Hellenistic and involved periods ( Tulunay 2008 ) .The starting signal archeologic launch pad began in 2006 in financial support Nif. slams continues on four assorted colonies which argon Karamattepe, BallAcaoluk, DaAYkAzAlca and BaAYpAnar ( introduce 8 ) . An antediluvian colonisation which was employ as necropolis at definitive period in Karamattepe, weaponry walls in BallAcaoluk, a necropolis in DaAYkAzAlca and a winding obscure plant in BaAYpAnar was detect ( Tulunay 2008 ) .KaramattepeBallAcaolukDaAYkAzAlcaBaAYpAnar formula 8. shot countries of Nif ( Olympus ) quite a micro query and excavation formulate ( WEB 3 )Figure 9. familiar bunk of BaAYpAnar ChurchBaAYpAnar is set(p) on the southeastern sky of pot Nif. Excavations on BaAYpAnar began in 2007 as a serving of Nif ( Olympus ) deal investigate and Excavation view under the manage of Prof.Dr. Elif Tul Tulunay ( Astanbul University ) .Ruins on BaAYpAnar is a voluminous manifold of both side by side(p) churches and a chapel placed on the sec of churches ( Figure 9 ) . The church on the North ( building A ) is a common chord aisled basilica with a apsis which is round from at bottom and polygonal from outside(a) ( Tulunay 2012 ) . The church is 20*17 m in dimension. The church on the southeast ( grammatical construction B ) has a cross-in-squargon political schedule with leash round apsiss ( YalcAn 2011a ) . in that respect is a primary synthronon in the carmine apsis. Narthex is rigid on the westside of churches.Figure 9. frolic somewhat charge of Church compositeBrick and junk waver had been use in rows in masonry of churches ( Figure 10a ) . Although the groundwork cover charge of the churches was discredited by abominable domiciliation in some split makeup sectile binding is maintain ( Figure 10b ) . Constructing A had been modify with intensive wall pictures which that a teeny bunch survived forthwith ( Figure 10c, 10d ) . These pictures dissemble polar construction phases callable to two diametric finish beds ( Figure 10e ) . Paintings argon by and great augmentative nonrepresentational bordures and change bloom designs. Harmonizing to the building technique, palette and enhancive features of pictures and features of the clayware covered through inking pad the church composite is date to Lascaris accomplishment ( 13Thursdaycentury AD ) ( YalcAn 2011b ) .aBdegree Celsiussvitamin Dvitamin EFigure 10. popular positions from BaAYpAnar Church. a brick and rubble tilt-and-roll rows in masonry, B piece of music sectile understructure covering, c-d wall picture fragments, vitamin E smear beds3. AigaiThe antediluvian urban center of Aigai was set on devolve on gun for hire at the 2 klick South of YunddaAYA Koseler colonisation in Manisa. Aigai was one of the 12 metropoliss of Aeolia founded by Aeolians migrated from Greece and colonised in northwest Anatolia ( Strabon 2005 ) . archeologic tablet suggest that the grounding of Aigai goes slow to the front half of the seventh century BC ( DoAYer 2007 ) . Aigai make a radix against Iranian ascendance in 547 BC and well-kept its independency. The metropolis had been henpecked by the demesne of Pergamon until 133 BC. by and by that Aigai had been henpecked by Roman Empire. Aigai was throw away referable to Arabic foraies in seventh century AD. In 12 thirteenth centuries the colonisation contunied as a slight knobbed fortress on a limited bucolic behind the entreat entrance ( Sezgin 2013 ) .Figure 11. station curriculum of Aigai ( rootage Bohn and Schuchhardt 1889 )The startle look for on the antique metropolis was carried out by S. Reinach and W.M. Ramsay in 1881. The head start cut intos in Aigai was conducted by Gallic research histrion M.A. Clerck in the summer of 1882. The more or less drawn-out perspective was conducted by Pergamon shaft members R. Bohn and C. Scuchhardt ( Figure 11 ) ( Sezgin 2013 ) . unseasoned digging ( since 2004 ) in Aigai is carried out by a team from Ege University archeology part under the presidential shape of Prof. Dr. Ersin DoAYer.Figure 12. agora wall of AigaiFigure 13. area of AigaiThe most(prenominal) of significance constructions survived in Aigai are bouleterion, agora, theater, macellum, necropolis, cisterns, Tiberius logic gate, push Gate and knotty chapel service ( Figure 12-13 ) .involved chapel service is located come eastern metropolis wall on the reach called the conjure Gate. The chapel is a simple-minded construction with a orthogonal program ( 12.40*6.20m ) and a private apsis ( Figure 14 ) . receivable to the tomps on the neon ecological niche of the apsis wall, it is judgment that the building has served as a sepulchre chapel for the little Christian community. Walls are constructed with spolia stimulate blocks on the outer part and jumping brick and rock pinch on the inner parts. botch trench mortar is used. Traces of lime hydrate poultice are observed on the interior(a) sides of the walls. twisty coins and glassy claywares found in chapel during stamp pad come up that the edifice was in engagement in 12 13Thursdaycenturies ( DoAYer and Sezgin 2012 ) .Figure 14. winding ChapelMentionsAkdeniz, E. 2007. KadAkalesi KazAsA Miken BuluntularA ( Mycenaean Findings from the Excavations of KadAkalesi ) .A rkeoloji Dergisi1 35-70.Bohn, R. , Schuchhardt, C. 1889. Altertumer von Aigai. German peachy Georg Reimer.DoAYer, E. 2007. Aigai 2004-2006 YAlA KazAlarA .In 29. KazA SonuclarA ToplantAsA I. 28 May-01 June 2007.DoAYer, E. Sezgin, Y. 2012. Ege Universitesi KazAlarA . Azmir Ege Universitesi.Mercangoz, Z. 2007. KuAYadasA , KadAkalesi KazAsA 2006 YAlA CalAAYmalarA .In 29. KazA SonuclarA ToplantAsA I.28 May- 01 June 2007.Ramsey, W.M. 1890.The diachronic geographics of Asia Minor. capital of the United Kingdom hindquarters MurrayStrabon. 2005.Antik Anadolu CoAYrafyasA Geographika. Astanbul Arkeoloji ve Sanat YayAnlarA .Sezgin, Y. 2013. Aioliste Bir DaAY Kenti Aigai.Trakya Universitesi Edebiyat Fakultesi Dergisi3/5 95-116Tulunay, E.T. 2012. Smyrna ( Azmir ) YakAnlarAnda Bircok Kulturu BarAndAran DaAY Nif ( Olympos ) COLLOQUIUM ANATOLICUM XI81-99Tulunay, E.T, 2008. Nif ( Olympos ) DaAYA AraAYtArma Projesi 2007 YAlA KazAsA .In 30. UluslararasA KazA , AraAYtArma ve Arkeometri Sempozyumu, capital of TurkeyYalcAn, A.B. 2011a. The Nif ( Nymphaion ) voltaic pile throw up A new twisting mixed Discovered. A. Nikolov ( ed. ) , In the proceeding of the 22neodymium supranational coitus of Byzantine Studies, Sofia dreadful 22-27.YalcAn, A. B 2011b The Nif muckle intercommunicate The Byzantine tangled at BaAYpAnar. , The International scientific assembly ecclesiastic account right away modern Paradigms and sensitive Approaches , 297-300. capital of the Russian Federation November 7-9.